China and Japan Essay -- Chinese Philosophy, Ming

Throughout the dynasties in China and Japan, pietism, economy and politics have been touched by each other in various ways. In the book Religion and Making of Modern East Asia, Thomas Dubois brings to light the impact pietism made on both politics and economy in China and Japan throughout the historical period up till date. In his words, he describes religion as an extremely political force (Dubois, 2011, pp. 7-16). As various religions were introduced, it shaped the politics of leaders as most of them saw it as an roadway to impose their religion on the citizens. In all, religion invented political and economic stabilities and instabilities in various dynasties throughout Japan and China Ming China also cognise as Great Ming Reigned in China for many years and saw through many religions. However, most Chinese attest to three major religions Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. In the early centuries, Shang dynasty, known as the origin of Chinese civilization was ve ry powerful and dominated the Ming China for over five centuries. In this period, the rulers imposed their religion on the citizens and made it compulsory as the state religion. Later on, Zhou over-threw the Shang dynasty bringing in another perspective of religion known as Confucianism, this particular(a) religion, believed that authority was not by chance but given a greater power which was higher than man (Dubois, 2011, p. 17). Most of the citizens embraced this new religion as it brought about peace and good virtue. Confucianism reigned through the Han dynasty, until it was finally over-thrown by the Sung Dynasty. Were the whole imperial system finally fell (Dubois, 2011, p. 23). Although Confucianism came to the people as a religion, ... ... of China and Japan denied the citizens that right. Some religions were still being outlawed in Japan, contrary to restrictions which allow every citizen a right to worship. (Dubois, p. 202). With the help of the Americans, the polit ical hierarchy was adjusted thereby allowing citizens the right to free religion. In concluding, juxtaposing China and Japans history, both have similarities. Inevitably, religion continuously, affects politics and economics, most times producing ethno-political identities. compensate in Nigeria today, religion affects the economic and political sects. The domineering religious group is often politicized and tends to favor its own religion either through finances or privileges. It is therefore evident that religion, economy and politics are inter-twined and will continue to affect the changes around us just like China and Japan.

Comparing Story of an hour vs The Yellow Wall Paper :: essays research papers

Comparing Short StoriesKate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Charlotte Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper are both centralized on the feministic views of women attack out to the world. Aside from the many differences within the two short stories, there is also similarities contained in Chopins The Story of an Hour and Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, such as the same concept of the rest treatment was prescribed as medicine to help deal with their sickness, societys views on the main theatrical roles illness, and both stories parallel in the main character finding freedom in the locked rooms that they contain themselves in.Both The Story of an Hour and Charlotte Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper display women discovering freedom from societys standards during the settings time period. In The Story of an Hour, Louise locks herself in her room after discovering that her save has died and at that point in the story she finds herself more confident in herself. She exclaims, Free Body and soul free (Chopin 83). After she believed her husband died she finally had agreement to take initiative in life and did not have to live a life were nothing was expected of her. She found freedom in locked quarters. scarcely as Johns wife did in The Yellow Wallpaper. As the wifes sickness progressed, her anxiety over the yellow wallpaper increased. The patterns demonstrable within the walls showed the image of a woman creeping along, and as the shadows of the bars from the window cast across the woman. This can symbolize how she is like the shadow, imprisoned in her room and mansion. As time moved forward, the wife fully identifies with the image in the wall, and by the end of the story she locks herself in her room and frees the woman hindquarters the bars by pealing off most of the wallpaper.

Internet Pornography :: Essays Papers

Since the internet is so easy, accessible and es moveially unregulated, it leaves room for many a(prenominal) controversies, including electronic commerce, credit card fraud, invasion of privacy and more. One of the most controversial problems is internet smut. Imagine receiving unwanted e-mail and suddenly get sent nude pictures of tribe and links which invite you to more of what they have already shown. Think ab bulge your son, daughter or even yourself being on a music site and you accidentally click a link and before you now it you are being subjected to hard core pornography. It just became apparent that pornography on the net not only encompasses controversies about pornography itself, but also all the other controversies and problems the internet already has. Sex has always been something which has intrigued people, and that is in all probability in essence how pornography became to be. As society developed in the 21st Century red-light districts flourished w hich centralized anything which had to do with sex in one geographic location. As sex and pornography became a more and more pertinent set off, the supreme court ruled in 1976 that cities could use their zoning powers to keep out sex-oriented businesses, and that more or less was the end of red-light districts in America. Nowadays with the Internet coming along as a more widespread medium the issue of pornography resurfaces and along with it, it carries many other disputes. One of the main controversies about pornography on the web is if it should be permitted in first place, since it is morally untimely to some people, and because it allows adolescents to access pornography, both willingly and unwillingly. Since there are no specific laws for the internet, a simple disclaimer is the only barrier between a user and X-rated material, in addition some pornographic sites have addresses which are similar to popular sites, such as www.whitehouse.gov (the real site) and www .whitehouse.com (the porn site), causing people to be lured to their sites through a simple misunderstanding or even a minute typing error.Before one can come to a consensus about what is right, there has to be found a way to enforce any laws, which would be written for the Internet. This aspect is so critical, because otherwise any laws would be in vain.

The Importance of Motivation Essay examples -- Education Teaching

The Importance of Motivation Motivation is perhaps the most authoritative element of a childs education. According to Michael B. Brown, Ph. D at East Carolina University, an academically motivated schoolchild is a child that wants to learn, likes learning-related activities, and believes school is of the essence(predicate) (Brown, 1998). Thus a motivated student and a smart student are not categorically equivalent. While the correlation between intelligence and attainment is higher than the correlation between skill and any other factor, the relationship is not perfect. For instance, 10 students with identical IQs will demonstrate variability in achievement on similar and dissimilar learning tasks (Andrews, 2003). Motivation is one of the primary causes of the range of scores. Thus, it is logical to conclude that in order to maximize a students potential, and in turn the educational experience, a student must be motivated. With the knowledge that motivation must precede success , it is clear that those in comportment of educational planning should attempt to maximize motivation with the forthcoming technological advancements. The Nature of Motivation Before educators can begin to map out a plan to stimulate motivation via the use of technology, they must first have a sufficient understanding of the nature of motivation itself (Marlow, 1999). Motivation is not a static entity, but rather a constantly changing intrinsic essence that is continually being influenced by way of internal and external forces. As young children, we have a natural sense of motivation. This can be each time a baby struggles to reach a toy, learn to passing play or eat without help (Brown, 1998). All of these are examples of motivation to learn. However, this natural inq... ...United States Department of Education. (n.d.). Technology and Education Reform. Retrieved April 6, 2004 from http//www.ed.gov/pubs/EdReformStudies/EdTech/index.html The site contains a very tiny descript ion of the various changes in the classroom sparked by the advent of new technologies. Ysseldyke, J. (2002). Cooperative learning. University of Minnesota College of Education and Human Development. Retrieved April 29, 2004, from http//education.umn.edu/research/ResearchWorks/coop-learning.htm Ysseldyke detailed the five externalities of co-op learning. He also described how these attributes influenced motivation. Weiner, R. (2000). More Technology Training for Teachers. New York Times. Retrieved on April 22, 2004 from http//www.nytimes.com/2000/11/22/technology/22EDUCATION.html?ex=1083211200&en=740fa1d60417ec03&ei=5070

Foreign Policy Paxton Hibben and Henry Morgenthau Essay -- American fo

Paxton Hibben Paxton Pattison Hibben, soldier, diplomat, and journalist, born December 5, 1880 grew up to become a big(p) voice in shaping American foreign policy in the World War I era. Lending his experiences as a solider, his skills as journalist, and his condition as a United States diplomat, he helped bring the voices of foreign powers and peoples to the American people and government. Devoting much of his time and resources to humanitarian aid he helped in the make of fight ravished nations, and the release of Japanese prisoners of war. Going beyond just governmental influence, Hibben worked to change the hearts and minds of the American people toward foreign nations as well. Hibbens come forward spoken nature and inability to let an injustice pass silently landed him in trouble numerous times with the government he worked for, devising for an eventful life of political and social influence. As a Harvard graduate with a degree in law Hibben decided to pursue the life of a United States diplomat. He was not far along on the path before he received an invitation to join the United States government in return as a diplomat by President Roosevelt himself. Serving the United States Hibben found himself in St. Petersburg Russia where he worked hard to learn the language and witnessed the first tidy sum the effects of war in the Soviet nation. It was here that Hibben gained his first national recognitions in humanitarian work. Through his service in the Russo-Japanese war toward Japanese prisoners of war in Russia, Hibben was awarded the declaration of the Fourth Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the emperor of Japan. Hibben worked providing immediate physically aid, and aiding in their eventual release and return. In hi... ...versity Press, 1906.Passos, John, 1919 Volume Two of the U.S.A. Trilogy. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1946.Patenaude, Bertrand, Food as a Weapon. Stanford University Hoover Digest No. 1, January 30, 2007. http //www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6135 (accessed April 2, 2014).Roosevelt, Franklin, Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board. The American presidency Project by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley (January 22, 1944). Available at http//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16540 (accessed April 9, 2014).Stutter, Robert, U.S.-Chinese Relations Perilous Past, Pragmatic Present. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, June 6, 2010. 100 Years Federal apply System, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. 100 Years Federal Reserve System, http//www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/247 (accessed April 9, 2014).

Foreign Policy Paxton Hibben and Henry Morgenthau Essay -- American fo

Paxton Hibben Paxton Pattison Hibben, soldier, diplomat, and journalist, born December 5, 1880 grew up to become a prominent voice in shaping American foreign policy in the humanity War I era. Lending his experiences as a solider, his skills as journalist, and his position as a United States diplomat, he helped bring the voices of foreign powers and concourses to the American people and government. Devoting much of his time and resources to humanitarian aid he helped in the rebuilding of war ravished nations, and the release of Japanese prisoners of war. Going beyond just governmental influence, Hibben worked to kind the hearts and minds of the American people toward foreign nations as well. Hibbens out spoken nature and inability to let an injustice pass silently come him in trouble numerous times with the government he worked for, making for an eventful life of political and social influence. As a Harvard graduate with a degree in law Hibben decided to pursue the life of a Unit ed States diplomat. He was not far along on the path in the lead he received an invitation to join the United States government in service as a diplomat by President Roosevelt himself. Serving the United States Hibben set in motion himself in St. Petersburg Russia where he worked hard to learn the language and witnessed the first hand the effects of war in the Soviet nation. It was here that Hibben gained his first national recognitions in humanitarian work. Through his service in the Russo-Japanese war toward Japanese prisoners of war in Russia, Hibben was awarded the declaration of the Fourth Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure by the emperor of Japan. Hibben worked providing immediate physically aid, and aiding in their eventual release and return. In hi... ...versity Press, 1906.Passos, John, 1919 Volume Two of the U.S.A. Trilogy. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1946.Patenaude, Bertrand, Food as a Weapon. Stanford University Hoover accept No. 1, January 30, 2007 . http//www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6135 (accessed April 2, 2014).Roosevelt, Franklin, Executive Order 9417 Establishing the War Refugee Board. The American Presidency Project by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley (January 22, 1944). Available at http//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16540 (accessed April 9, 2014).Stutter, Robert, U.S.-Chinese Relations equivocal Past, Pragmatic Present. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, June 6, 2010. 100 Years Federal Reserve System, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. 100 Years Federal Reserve System, http//www.federalreservehistory.org/People/DetailView/247 (accessed April 9, 2014).

The Role of Internal Audit in UAE Companies

When rock vegetable crude oil was discovered in 1950s in the UAE, an economic system which was to a great extent dependent on fishing and declension pearling industry, the state has undergone drastic transmutation owing to the socio-economic alterations taking topographic point. The chief export of the state is of oil and squander. Today, UAE ranks 8th in the list of top 10 premier oil bring forthing states in the innovation, bring forthing about 3.1 million barrels per twenty-four hours. It is besides the 3rd openhandedst oil manufacturer in the universe. In the UAE, fluctuations in the oil monetary values have been diminished due to variegation and hence, because of the oil resources of the state, people by and large enjoy high criterions of life. With the education of oil industry in the UAE, a big figure of foreign workers are seeking the occupation chances that exist in the under ramp uped state. ( Dorish, 2010 )The chief maroon that I am interested in this country is b ecause it is extremely related to my calling ends and aims. Researching this subject at this point might turn out to be a large measure frontward in order to accomplish my mark as the oil industry in UAE is spread outing by springs and bounds.In any concern determination, hazard is an unconditioned consideration. So, attempts are being made in the field of hazard direction patterns in the oil and gas industry, with a focal point on fiscal and regulative hazards. And late, operational hazards have been on the precedence list of companies across the universe. They intend to pull off, keep an eye on and extenuate all the hazards in a co-ordinated manner. Harmonizing to a recent Ernst & A Young Report, entree to militias has been identified as the premier concern hazard for the oil and gas sector, others including uncertainness around energy policy, monetary value volatility, human capital shortages and many more.Purposes and AimsAs mentioned above, the oil industry is extremely susc eptible to operational hazards. inwrought audited accounting potentiometer help the top direction of a company to place the possible hazards related to their operations and the steps that could be taken to command them efficaciously. The purpose of set abouting this research survey is to concentrate on the importance of familiar audit in hazard direction in oil companies. As UAE is a portion of the GCC states, it has a joint aim with the other states of GCC to further expert and scientific advancement of the oil industry. Hence, there is a big potency for oil companies in the state. Hence, this survey would concentrate on the oil companies that are positioned in UAE. Besides, the strength of this industry would supply a ambitious undertaking for inborn audit of the same. Based on the above purpose, the following aims can therefore be framedTo happen out the significance of internal audit in oil companies.To set up a correlativity between internal audit and hazard direction in o il companies.To happen out the oil companies on which this internal audit can be done.To happen out the betterment in the aim of GCC states by holding internal audit to better their technological and scientific advancement in the oil industry.Overview of reappraisal of the relevant literatureGlobally, many enterprises are being taken by regulative organic structures across the universe to stress the importance of scrutinizing in any concern. To help the directors, hearers and the IT users, the Information Systems Audit and Control Association ( ISACA ) and the IT Governance Institute ( ITGI ) , in 1996, created a set of scoop patterns framework aa the Control Objectives for Information and related Technology ( COBIT ) . It is a set of by and large accepted steps, indexs, procedures and best patterns which help them to optimise the benefits of utilizing information engineering, and to develop appropriate IT administration and control in the company. Besides, to patronize the Nation al Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, a voluntary private sector organisation, the charge of Sponsoring Organizations ( COSO ) , was formed in 1985. Internal scrutinizing in any industry is carried out in assorted legal and cultural environments depending on the organisation. These organisations may differ in footings of intent, size, complexness, and construction. 1 Any sort of internal auditing is done by the persons within or inside the organisation. However, there might be differences in the manner internal auditing is carried out due to the organisational environment. Despite these differences, it is necessary that these patterns should conform to the IIAaaa?s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing ( Standards ) . 2 This conformation is indispensable in order to run into the duties of internal hearers and the internal audit activity. The chief intent of these criterions is to sketch the basic rules stand foring the pattern of inte rnal auditing and supply a pattern for executing and advancing a wide scope of value-added internal auditing. These criterions besides set up the footing for the rating of internal audit public monstrance and at the same time are intended to cultivate improved organisational procedures and operations. ( The Insitute of Internal Auditors, 2010 )A figure of writers have argued on the benefits of transporting out an audit of the house. Kuhn and Figgins ( 1994 ) explained that it helps to engender the root cause of jobs bing in concern operations. Efficient use of resources of the company which consequences in cost decrease has besides been argued as a benefit by Drew ( 1993 ) . Preventing concern hazards and developing programs and schemes has been besides stated as a benefit by Donaldson ( 1993 ) . Campbell, Goold and Alexander ( 1995 ) and Simpson ( 1995 ) besides discuss the importance of scrutinizing in strategical decision-making which requires company resource information cap ablenesss so that assorted alternate actions can be identified and supported. ( Wendy Fenwick, 2009 )Merely to hold a hint of the importance of internal auditing in oil based companies, there are a figure of formalistic preparation plans designed for a hebdomad to cary it out. These audits have been organized by mistieurope in the yesteryear. They can be of critical aid in understanding the hazards asscoaited with the concern, understanding the procurance map, understanding the auditing undertakings etc. Hence, there surely is a large potency for carry oning internal audit for hazard direction of the oil companies in UAE.MethodologyBasically, this research would be done by both secondary and immemorial research methods. As oil is a extremely ruling sector in UAE ( the state is the 8th largest maker of oil in the universe ) 3 , a batch has been published on the Internet. This would assist in understanding the hazards associated with the same and farther aid in carry oning the intern al audit. A hardly a(prenominal) of the forums which have information on the same are Khaleej, The Gulf and Factoidz.The nest research to be done in this class would be primary research. taking interviews is a time-taking every bit good as expensive matter. Hence, questionnaire distribution in a simple random sample amongst oil companies ( including direction and employees ) , can be done. Further, based on the formed hypothesis, z-test can be used to happen out the proof of the research.Proposed TimetableA Gantt chart is being press outn below to show the possible timeline of the undertaking. The chart clearly depicts assorted stages of the undertaking life rhythm and the time/ month during which a peculiar stage of the undertaking will be implemented.It can be viewed in the MS-Project file attached with the physician.

Impact of Technology on Business Essay

E truly functioning moving in in the world straighta mien make use ofs near sort of technology in golf-club to attend them accomplish their goals. Before the age of technology, it was much(prenominal)(prenominal) harder for melodic phrasees to thrive because it was harder for them to advertise to their customers, communicate with their furrow partners, store information, and much much(prenominal). Today argumentes hasten all those things, and it has never been easier to start up a business, maintain it, and sacrifice your business prosper because technology is there to champion.Technological advancements find made positive impacts in the business world in ways such as computers, loony toons breeding, and heady telecommunicates. Computers and the Internet take a shit jockstraped businesses thrive more and more through out the years. They have done this in some ways, including making it easier to communicate through E institutionalizes, storing information with out breaking a sweat, allowing businesses the opportunity to have a online store, and making it easier to start up a business successfully by researching your market needs and identifying your consumers.A research done by the Radicati gathering express that there atomic number 18 all over three one million million million active Emails in the world today, and there is projected to be over 4 billion e-mails by 2014. (Radicati, Sara. Email Statistics Report. ) This means that more and more people in our world today are becoming tech-savvy, which is good for businesses all across the globe. A countless amount of businesses today use Email as a form of talk amidst them and their business partners, their own business employees and their customers.Firms Email their customers to carry in touch with them, and remind them that they value their customers. Businesses as well Email their customers to inform them of sales, special deals, and new products. Emails to a fault help busines ses by helping them communicate to their employees and their business partners. Businesses use Emails to communicate almost all of the time, they use Email for their everyday communication of business goals and even for times of crisis. Another study from the Radicati Group said that there are about 294 billion Emails sent per day, and that a majority of those Emails are sent by businesses. Radicati, Sara. Email Statistics Report. )Email is a very undeviating and speedy form of communication that is used by businesses and without it businesses wouldnt be the uniform. Another use for computers that has had a significant impact on businesses in todays world is digital storage. Businesses are able to store information such as their customers information, financial data, and future business plans. An phrase from Marketingzone. com said most most-valuable part of marketing is collecting and saving customer information. (How to Collect and Save Customer Information MarketingZone. )A customers information includes things such as phone numbers, home addresses, and Emails. The reason this information about the businesses customers is so important is because it is essential to keep a customers interest in the company. With phone numbers, the firm is able to call or text their customers and advertise or let them know of a special sale. Storing a customers home address is a very significant way for businesses to advertise because it helps enable a way to advertise through mail. announce through mail is extremely effective because it makes it so the customer can have a physical relationship with the advertisement, the customer has to pick up the mail and look through it, therefore, the firm makes sure that they are seeing the information given in the advertisement. Having a customers Email address is important because it helps the business communicate with their customers plot of ground allowing them to do more such as sending links with more information or links to the businesses website.The Internet has allowed many businesses to create their own personalized website and online store. These websites are extremely helpful for todays businesses because it allows their customers to search and browse inventory, compare products on the website, and then choose and allege a product online and have it shipped to the customers home address. Purchasing desired products has never been easier thanks to the Internet. These websites have made it so convenient for consumers and overly have lower prices than the store.An essay titled The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry stated that online websites and stores have increased the one-year revenue of many businesses, and is becoming a necessity for businesses to have. (Genco. The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry. ) The Internet has also helped businesses flourish by enabling them to research their market needs and hel p them start-up successfully.Before starting up a business it is essential for a business to discover the geographic and demographic of the potential market. Businesses need to research the best location to open up their store and what their typical customer is like in terms of gender, age, and sociable class. This research is made easier with the help of the Internet, and without having the Internet businesses would have a much harder start-up process. Computers and the Internet are deuce technological advancements that have improved the world of business.These twain genius inventions have helped businesses in marketing, communication, start up, and undecomposed their every day process of running a business and with the help of these inventions, the business world allow continue to blossom. Technological advancements in transportation have greatly escalated todays businesses by getting rid of trade barriers, and with shipping. Transportation has greatly progressed businesses bec ause it helped the business world get rid of the trade barriers that restricted its full potential.With the introduction of cars, planes and boats, businesses have been able reach out to other countries and make business partners and grand lasting relationships with other nations. These forms of transportation helped ensure that all isolated countries in the world would begin to come out of their shell, and begin trading and making business agreements with the rest of the world. If it werent for transportation and the globalization of industries, the businesses in the US wouldnt be able to benefit off of what other countries have to offer such as labor, resources, and property.Labor in different countries may benefit a firm because in poverty-stricken countries jobs are scarce and many inhabitants are ordain to work for low wages, and since it is in a different country, there are no minimum wage issues and the firm saves money. This is called outsourcing, a process where businesse s contract jobs in foreign nations, thus allowing them to pay cheap wages and expand their product globally at the same time. Businesses also expand globally now by seeking out countrys natural or manmade resources such as oil, coal, copper, gold, timber, iron, mercury or precious stones and gems.All of these resources can be honorable to businesses and thats what makes all of these resources desirable. A report written by Julliete Jowit said The Living Planet report calculates that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can replenish each year, which is leading to deforestation, degraded soils, polluted air and water, and dramatic declines in numbers of fish and other species. (Jowit, Julliete. ) This means that more and more businesses are looking to other countries to help with the need for natural esources.In certain countries, their most desired attribute is land. Land is a very crucial component to a businesses success because each firm needs property to build th eir manufacturing sight, and in some cases the land is needed in order to make prerequisite commodities for their final product in order to cut out the middle man and save money. Land in other countries also plays a huge role in the multiplying of franchise names, which include fast nutrition restaurants, costume stores, and many other stores.An example of a fast food chain that has expanded throughout the world is McDonalds. McDonalds Fast food restaurant serves over 64 million people every day in over 31,000 restaurants in 119 diverse countries. (McDonalds. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. ) Without the evolution of transportation and the reduction of trade barriers and other restrictions on foreign countries, franchises and other companies would not be equal to(p) of extending over the world. Shipping is another way that the invention of high-speed transportation has transformed the world of business.Having the capability to send products across the globe in just a few days i s extremely helpful to every company and its customers. It hangs businesses in spreading popularity, and also helps businesses portion out more of their products. Distributing products through transportation has increased brand name awareness for many companies by increasing their popularity. With the help of shipping, more and more firms have been able to distribute their products all over the world, to a variety of different customers, which has severely increased their popularity.The progression of shipping has allowed companies to sell more of their products because it helps them distribute their products to customers who arent close to a store that sells the merchandise. 34 Percent of all shoppers prefer to buy their commodities on the Internet and through online shopping, and 80 percent of online buyers were motivated to buy through the Internet because of shipping. (Charleton, Graham 34% of Shoppers Prefer to Buy Online Report) Shipping offers a sense of convenience to some purchasers because it allows them to buy merchandise without going out to help with their busy schedules.Technological advancements in the transportation industry have helped businesses achieve more sales, get better brand recognition, gain more customers, and create more business partners. The invention and development of smart phones has assisted businesses by making it extremely easy to communicate with partners, deal with doubts and complaints of customers, and has also helped with smart phone applications. Smart phones such as iPhones, Blackberries, and Droids are essential equipment to businesses men and women because they help them communicate.These smart phones help business men keep in contact with their coworkers and business partners by allowing them to call, text or telecommunicate while on the go. Collaborating with coworkers and business associates is made easy because all they need to do to call, text or email their significant other to keep up with their work. The ease of communicating between business associates allows many businessmen to work while they are at home, on vacation, or anywhere for that matter. Smartphones can help business productivity by providing the means for employees and entrepreneurs and owners to stay in touch with their primary contacts even while away from their place of business.This allows enterprises to grow even while on the move, which gives them a very competitive advantage in todays world. (How Smartphone Help Business Productivity Planet Antares Scam Tips. ) Smart phones also help through means of communication because they allow companies to video natter. Video chat has dramatically increased the efficiency of businesses by allowing them to have a business meeting, even while they are 10,000 miles apart.Video chat is used between all types of business associates and gives all companies a sense of convenience. An article from Huddle. com said A company could have an office in China, one in the UK, and one i n the US, and they can all collaborate on projects as if they were in the same office together. (Eddington, Joe. How Can Web Conferencing Help Your Business? Huddles Blog. ) Video chat also helps businesses save money by allowing them to communicate and have business meetings without having to travel to a different country or state.Communicating through smart phones has also enables customers to call, email or even video chat with companies when they have a complaint or problem with a product. When a customer has a predicament, it is a simple as either a phone call or email to the company to help them go through trouble-shooting steps to solve their problem. Business Support Systems (BSS), and Operation Support Systems (OSS) are two types of support offered by todays businesses that are essential to help create and maintain customer relationships. (BSS Business Support System NetworkDictionary. )Another way that businesses show support to their customers is by offering live video chat support. Many businesses have live chat links on their companys website, which allow customers to have a one on one conversation to solve their problem. All of these benefits are given to consumers thanks to the advancements of smart phones. Contrary to the benefits of communication from smart phones, the ability to use applications on iPhones, Blackberries and Droids have also had a significant outcome on todays firms.Applications on these smart phones assist consumers by allowing the companies to service their customers through the app, or by letting customers purchase merchandise through the application. IPhone, blackberry, and Droid apps all help businesses service to their customers by allowing them to conveniently use the service given from the company on their smart phone. An example is the banking company Chase, who allows their customers to deposit check and transfer money to different peoples accounts through their smart phone apps. (Bruene, Jim. Chase Banks Jot App Shows the Future of Mobile Transaction Processing (NetBanker). )By allowing these services through their applications, businesses like Chase Banking help create a positive relationship with their customers. An essay titled The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps said Smart phone apps focus attention on the user, and therefore encourages making personal connections with the brand. (Duane, Varan, et al. The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps. ) These applications dont just allow their customers to enjoy services offered by companies, but they also empower their customer to purchase goods with the help of apps.An article written by Christina Warren said, Over the last few years, in-app purchases have bend an increasingly common way for mobile app developers to enhance their mobile products and services. (Warren, Christina. 4 Ways In-App Purchasing Will Change Mobile. ) Many big name clothing brands, equipment-selling companies, and even restaurants allow smart phone users to purchase their product through smart phone apps. An example is Dominoes, whose app lets users order and pay for pizza all with the help of their apps. Dominoes made over 1. million dollars off their iPhone application last year. (Kats, Rimma. Dominos Pizza IPhone App Generates More than $1. 3M in Sales. )Smart phone applications have changed businesses all over the world by allowing them to sell their products and services through the benefits of their applications. Smart phones have helped businesses become more effective by allowing them to communicate between business associates and customers and with the help of applications. Technological advancements have helped businesses develop and progress through out the years of the technology era.These developments include computers and the Internet, the improvements in transportation, and the inventions of smart phones. These inventions and creations have helped businesses sell more of their products and services, helped creat e brand awareness for companies, and assisted in creating and maintaining positive relationships with their customers. A world without technology would make a huge difference in business because without technology, these companies wouldnt have Emails, computer storage, online stores, globalization of their company, shipping, rapid communication or smart phone applications.

Native American populations Essay

It is estimated that there where about 10 million Naive Americans living in northeasterly America exact figures are impossible to ascertain. When colonists began keeping records, the Native American populations had been drastically reduced by war, famine, forced labor, and epidemics of diseases introduced through contact with Europeans. Evidence indicates that the starting time peoples to migrate into the Americas, coming from northeastern Siberia into Alaska, were carrying stone tools and other equipment typical of the middle and end of the Paleolithic period.Before Europeans arrived, the native peoples lived by hunting and fishing, although a fewer supplemented their diet by cultivating corn, beans, squash, and (particularly among the Ojibwe) wild rice. They also gathered strawberries, berries and nuts. In autumn, they split into small groups and moved up the streams to the forest. There they hunted beaver, caribou, moose and white-tailed deer. The basic societal structure was a village of a few hundred people related by a kinship. Villages were temporary and mobile.They moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or recombining as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of cross-tribal mobility, especially in troubled times. Villages were constructed of lightly wigwams for portability. In the winter more solid long houses were used, in which more than one clan could reside. Food supplies were stored in more permanent, semi-subterranean buildings. They developed a gender-oriented air division of labor.The women farmed and the men fished and hunted. Impact of European colonization Chicken pox and measles, though common and rarely fatal among Europeans, often proved deadly to Native Americans. variola major proved particularly deadly to Native American populations. Epidemics often immediately followed European exploration and sometimes destroyed entire village populations. Columbian stand in with the meeting of two worlds, animals, insects, and plants were exchanged between two.The horse, pig, and cow were all old world animals that were introduced to Native Americans who never knew such animals. Relationship with Europeans With first contact, Native Americans and Europeans make opinions about one another. Europeans first viewed Indians as either barbaric or noble savagespeople who lived either according to no rules or to the noble rules of nature. whatever Indians initially viewed Spanish colonizers as liberators from existing oppressive Native American regimes.Throughout the Americas, Spain and, later, other European powers violently took possession of Native American lands and glum them into outposts for their empires. Seeking food, furs, and hides from Native Americans, the French traded manufactured goods such as firearms, blankets, metal, and cloth. The Dutch established prominent trading centers. The English wanted to find new lands to influence and to build new lives for themselves.The Puritans had limited intentions of coexisting with Native Americans and adapting themselves to Native American ways because they intended to live according to their strict interpretations of Christian theology. They soon came into rancour conflict with Native Americans in New England. English settlers wanted more Native American land, and they often forced treaties upon starving Native American groups in exchange for European goods. Native Americans were often plunged into a state of dependency and despair because they no longer could support themselves by growing their own food.

Impacts on Social Media Essay

As we begin to discuss complaisant media and is impact on mass communications as a whole, we moldiness first define what it is and how it came to be. The Dynamics of Mass Communications defines affable media as a set of Internet tools that encourages content sharing and community relationships. Users argon commensurate to create online communities by exchanging, distributing and receiving content information. genial media has rapidly integrated itself into our personal and professional lives over the past decade or so. Information is more lendable to the public today because of social media.The history of social media started with the BBS (Bulletin Board System) in the late 70s. Most BBSs were involved in illegal or other shady practices like adult content, virus codes, and instructions on hacking and ph ane hacking, but BBSs were the first type of sites that allowed users to log on to it and interact with one another. This fundamental interaction was a deal out slower than wha t individuals are used to in todays society. Genie was created by a General Electric subordinate (GEIS) in 1985 and was an early online service. It was a text-based service, and was considered the first viable commercial competition to CompuServe.This specific service was created to make use of time-sharing mainframes after normal US. business hours. non too long after, America Online (AOL) started as an online service and made great strides with making the Internet more universally accessible within the United States. In 1988, IRC (Internet Relay Chat) was developed and used for file and link sharing and even keeping in touch with others. Readers could classify it as the father of instant messages as we know it today, though it was limiting access to most pile.Touching the topic of early social meshings, dating sites are sometimes considered the first social networks. date sites began to crop up just as soon as people began to get online with the Internet. These sites allowed users to create profiles with a photo and contact other people. Lets not forget about Classmates.com, but dating sites and Classmates.com rarelyallowed you to keep a friends list and profiles appeared to be severely limited. The actual social networks like vi Degrees and LiveJournal were a tad bit more advanced than what dating sites had to offer.Six Degrees allowed users to create a basically-static profile while LiveJournal was created in 1999 and was a social network built around blogs that were constantly updated that encouraged other users to follow one another and form groups to interact. It wasnt soon after that social interaction had strand its way to online games. World of Warcraft is one the most famous for allowing players to interact both in the game would and on related forum and community sites.Massively multiplayer online role-playing games became frequent in the early 2000s though there were indeed other role-playing and other games prior to that. Additionally, th e early 2000s brought more advanced social networks and social media to the playing field. Some examples that most people are familiar with would be Friendster (2002), YouTube (2005), MySpace (2006), Facebook (2004), Tumblr (2006), Twitter (2006), and Instagram (2010). All these networks took a toll on millions and billions of people around the globe. deal are more imputeed and up to date because of them.Social Media as a whole has brought a lot of positive effects to the world as we know it today. Social Networks started as a place to connect with your friends in an easy, convenient, and free from charge way. Social networks play an important role with social media. It has allowed individuals to connect with old friends from school, co-workers, and even with complete strangers. It has also provided us with the opportunity to build back a lost relationship or even better relationships with whom that are unable to meet us personally, and involve them with our lives and even take in put into their personal lives with specific events that are happening with us.We are now able to guide our thoughts and perceptions over different topics with a large number of audiences. Our voices are heard louder than ever with the help of social media and social networks. For example, with the Trayvon Martin case, people used social media to take forward marches and protests. On social networks, like Instagram, users blocked out their profile picture to show their involvement for wanting justice for that specific case.We turn out the resource to make groups with people who are like minded and share therelated news with them and ask for their opinion or input about the topic. Far as businesses, they are using social media and social networks to promote their own products and there are a number of customized applications that are being made on social platforms, whose main and only purpose is to promote the product or brand given to them.The negative effects of social media se em to be quite questionable. Studies render shown that the extensive use of social media digest quite frankly cause addition to the users. Throughout the day, people tend to feel the need to post something on their pages and check other posts as it has become an important part of everyday life. Extreme usage of social media had resulted in isolation of the individual.The level of human interaction has decreased tremendously and people appear to be less active. Individuals would rather check their smart-phones or tablets than actually picking up a book or a newspaper per say. Interpersonal communication has reduced and there arent many face to face communications and meetings being held because many people have lost their full ability to converse while being in the same room.Social Media is also affecting the productivity of people. Users are more distracted. Again, I must state that people are so caught up in texting, blogging, updating a status, and posting any and everything tha t it to the point where they cannot get specific things done. A prime example would be texting while driving or being on a social network while attempting to write a inquiry paper or even complete homework.According to media bistro, the average person spent three hours and seven minutes online each day in 2012. It appears as online media becomes more popular other media sources become less popular. People are not reading magazines, newspapers, listening to the radio, or watching television as practically as they used to. As the popularity of social networks and online goggle box increases, so does our time online. YouTube has more than one billion users that visit their website each month. Seventy two hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute. The list just goes on and this also goes for Facebook, Twitter, Netflix, Pinterest, Hulu, and Instagram.It seems nowa days that there are social and user-generated sites for justabout every activity you can possibly imagine. There are social shopping sites and social financial externalizening sites. There are even sites to share goals and meet like-minded people. Sites to plan your travels and share them with others. There are so many apps and sites that accommodate the average person for me to say that social media has indeed made life better for people. Social media has become a huge part of millions of lives worldwide.On the other hand, social media has made everyday life harder or horrific for everyday people. Because social media has enceinte in popularity and mainstream, it can be used by stalkers to track their victims or even find new ones. Social networks make these privacy settings available to users to help prevent stalkers and predators from being able to see their update. In addition to stalkers, we must also consider cyber-bulling. Cyber-bulling has increased over the years and has affected a lot of social network users. These things can make it harder on individuals.One final thing that need s to be discussed is the fact that the people who have degrees to be coat the news face their job being at risk. News stations and news broadcasts are now up with competition against social media and social networks. This is because people use their mobile devices to obtain the news now a days. This is because it is more convenient to access things from your phone than to take time out to turn on the television or go buy a newspaper. This could make everyday life harder for them if they lose their job. Social media has come a long way since the days of BBSs and IRC charts and social media continues to evolve on a daily basis.With major social networks and social media sites making changes and improvements, its sure to keep evolving in the coming years. musical composition in many ways social media has allowed us to share everything from the simplest to most sacred events of our lives with more people in real time, it has also taken away from the action of living in the moment. The one thing we can all conclude is that social media is not just a phase, and it most definitely wont be going away anytime soon or at least until something better comes along.WORS CITEDhttp//www.relevantmagazine.com/life/whole-life/how-social-media-made-me-better-person http//www.digitaltrends.com/features/the-history-of-social-networking/View as multi-pages

Communication Barriers Essay

So the whole war is because we tail endt talk to each other, Orson Scott Card. In performanceive discourse is a major risk when working in health c ar. Both speaker and listener need to be in agreement about the communicate manoeuvreted betwixt each other. There are many factors that influence the way we communicate, and the intended message may not be understood. A soulfulnesss gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, age, culture, voice conversation, economic status, stereotypes, regional differences and noise are several restrictions to effective communication. For communication to be effective, e real champion needs to be responsible for clear communication, endeavoring to send and receive clear messages with as tiny distortion as possible. What is communication? converse is a mathematical process involving several steps, among two or more people, for the primary purpose of exchanging info. It takes place when people act in both verbal and nonverbal conversati ons. To get the point across to a person that is going to be involved in the conversation the information must pass by variant channels. There are distinct steps required to get any information across. The first step is to transmit your idea or message. This begins with the source or the originator of an idea.The source takes this idea and puts it into a code and then transmits this message through a channel. The channel is a means by which the message is expressed, and there is a variety of channels that can be used. Various channels include ph ace and only(a), face to face, text messages, emails, and change surface Twitter. Next the receiver takes the message and interprets the code, or decodes it. Once this is done the receiver opposes or gives feedback. The message or code can be misinterpreted payable to noise or barriers. communication barrier is what trade names communication complex, difficult, and sometimes frustrating.Communication barriers can have a large impac t on getting the message across. People tend to erect barriers hindering their ability tocommunicate. Physical barriers are defined as the specific area of transmission of communication. There are divers(a) kinds of physical barriers like the presence of closed office doors, separator screens, specified cabins, cubes, workstations, sections for people of polar status and task or anything that physically separates people from one another. In organizations, physical barriers can be effective in the everywhereall spread of the message.With a variety of checks and a strong platform, they can avoid violation of strangers and create cohesive teams. Emotional barriers are related to the emotions of both the source and receiver. A persons emotions can have a great effect on their message. When various emotions are involved, the message could be no more than an emotional outburst. People will focus on these emotions rather than focus on the message. The challenge is to examine and evalua te emotional barriers in communication and focus on what the other person is saying.ethnical barriers are created when people of a different culture communicate. When they communicate there is a tendency to share less information than those of our cultural heritage. Translating messages into voice communication and behaviors is based on a persons cultural background and is not the same for each person. Culture is a combination of various formative influences placed on us as we grow up. The major factors in this development of culture are religion, caste, creed, nationality, social status, values, beliefs and many such elements. Cultural elements have their big role to play when a person spliticipates in communication. When someone becomes a part of a group and become attached to it, sooner or later, they get adapted to that group in terms of the cultural code of the group. Intercultural communication occurs when people who have different cultural traditions start a conversation. I n order for you to have an error-free communication, you need to knowledge and under live the cultural differences of your receiver as well. Technological advancements have make the communication process far more speedy, accurate and smooth.The development of smart phones and computers has made communication more comfortably accessible. All business practitioners and modern managers understand the importance of multidimensional moving of communication at multi-location stations traveling through innumerous ways of channels and mediums. In thecircumstances, when the whole social-networking and business functioning depends on technological cocksuckers of communication, it becomes highly significant to operate these tools ensuring that they 14 The IUP Journal of dim Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012 are error-free. On the contrary, devices are electronic systems and they keep facing errors now and then, causing unpredictable communication errors in terms of its delivery to the craved end . Sometimes even the accuracy of these gadgets is questioned. The more we depend on these technological tools, the higher the chances are of getting error harms involved in the process.Sometimes, poor signals or unreceivable frequency of the transmitted messages cause trouble in getting those downloaded or decoded, resulting and leading to the failure of accurate message delivery, and sometimes it becomes tougher to ensure even its partial tone delivery to anyhow run the activity. Devices like cell phones, Internet and various other technological applications keep facing such errors depriving us of comfortable operation and transmission of messages. Such system failures and its non-competing performance as desired by the sender or receiver lead to technological noises. The world of expression is blanket(a) of variety and pleasing choices.In a country of various languages like India, language keeps slightly changing every fifty miles. In the southern part of India, organizations p refer the regional language of communication, while this practice is not found in the northern region of India. Language is a highly fundamental tool to describe our opinion, likes and dislikeness, preferences, thoughts, and ideas while communicating. It is always important to ensure that the language of the sender and the receiver is the same for a successful transmission of communication, but most of the time, language proves to be a potential barrier in the course of communication.Gender BarriersGender has its own specified impact on the pattern of communication. As has been discovered by the researchers, a woman uses approximately 25,000 words a day while talking, whereas a man uses around 10,000 words. As per the various medical reports, the legal transfer ability of girls begins far earlier than boys. There are certain things that the girls cannot express delinquent to gender barrier what boys can do and vise versa. The physiognomy of the boy and girl is responsible for la nguage ability differences. The reason forthis lies in the neuronal wiring of a mans and womans brains. The communication model of man remains linear, logical and sectioned, while womans expression is a combination of logic and emotion. Normally, during an interaction, woman uses different types of words while explaining any incident, and man uses a different set of words while explaining and describing the same incident. This difference is majorly because of the gender barrier.Interpersonal BarriersInterpersonal barriers comprise differences between the source and the receiver. There may be multiple differences between the encoder and decoder which result either in failure or partial delivery of nitty-gritty or content. The success ratio of communication is far higher when the person who communicates and the person who receives it are Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barriers A Conceptual model 15 on similar wavelength in terms of language, understanding and both ensure al ike interpretation of the message in question. The lesser the interpersonal gap, the stronger the chances of communication success.Noise BarrierNoise is an external factor which causes interruption in the flow of communication. There are various types of noises available in the environment pulley the communication flow fully or partially. The major types of noises are discussed in detail in Figure 3.Description of Components of the ModelCommunication NoiseCommunication is an complex process which encompasses various ideal conditions for the message to pass through successfully from the sender to the receiver. The factor of noise is very important, as it has been given due representation in almost all the communication models propounded by various researchers. In communication models, noise interference occurs during the decoding process of messages transmitted over a channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise, and some major noise problems have been discussed in the co mprehensive model of noise barriers in Figure 3.Environmental NoiseAccording to Adler (1991), since we are constantly bombarded with more stimuli than we can absorb and more perceptions than we can keep track of, we only discern those images that may be meaningful. We group perceived images into familiar categories that help to simplify our environment, which become the basis for our interpretations and allow us to function in an otherwise too complex world.Environmental noise majorly springs from physical disturbances causing disruptions and creating problems in the smooth flow of communication from one point to another. For example, it is highly difficult to listen or understand the message if the speaker transmits communication from a noisy place like near the loud speaker during party/celebration. Sometimes, it becomes very difficult to respond over the phone or to a person nearby communicating with you if you are at the railway platform or a bus stand as these places are know for high decibels.Physiological NoisePhysiological reasons are also effective noise barriers in the communication process. In this category, biologic reasons like physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness are also taken into account. Sometimes intricate problems in clear utterance also cause physiological barriers in the process of communication. In this category, all those physical deficiencies or impairment causing hinderance to clear and smooth flow of communication are taken into account.Psychological NoiseThe psychology of the source communicator and receiver has its inevitable influence on the process of communication. The final shape of a thought or opinion does undergo structural changes based on the psychology of the person who communicates. The psychology is such an important factor that it sometimes makes the opinion of one person appear differently to the others. Our psychology consists of perception, attitude, vision , experiences, feelings and emotions, including various experiential amalgamations collected from our childhood to adulthood.The psychological metamorphosis is an on-going process. The communication pattern and the contextual value of it are very much demonstrations of ones psychology. Similarity of apsychological approach solves this noise barrier to some extent. Difference in psychology between the sender and receiver magnifies the complexity of psychological noise. Specific mental condition can influence communication. For example, the style of communicator or receiver naturally influences psychological noise and sometimes severely hampers effective communication.Cultural NoiseAs we are different from others in various areas so is our culture. While language and communication systems are part of the culture, and language has often been used as a proxy for culture, the overlap between language and culture is only partial. For example, Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barr iers A Conceptual Framework 17 Spanish speakers come from a variety of countries with distinct cultures (Del Pinal and Singer, 1997). Cultural differences cause cultural noises. Taken-for-granted assumptions most of the time cause misunderstanding. Stereotypical assumptions can be potential contributors of cultural noise. Diversity of culture and cultural background is the convey source of noises of this category.Organizational NoiseThe most significant activity of any organization is a constant flow of communication in multi-directed locations internally and externally. Communication is a constant happening in organizations in various structures, formats and modes channelized at various hierarchical levels. The possibility of lapses in communication always remains very high and needs to be given due care and attention through continuous monitoring. The most common directional flow of communication in the organization is upward and downward. But the horizontal flow is also the int rinsic part of the process. In the cross-functional movement of communication, the poorly structured messages do create a lot of troubles. If a message is poorly crafted by the higher-ups, it might create confusion and improper decoding of the intended meaning. Such types of instances are considered as organizational noise.Syntactical NoiseGrammar of any language is the base framework to fork out a structure to ourthoughts and expressions. But converting thoughts at a fast pace and applying suited grammatical structure to it and ensuring correctness while speedily interacting and exchanging sentences, whether verbal or written, may be difficult at times. Molding thoughts into sentences and at once interest the appropriate grammatical pattern is a very intricate process, and sometimes the user of a language does not have the efficiency or dexterity required to do so effectively. For example, when any incident is described by a communicator, he might commit mistakes in altering t enses at a fast pace, which results in syntactical noise. Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, leading to syntactical noise.Semantic NoiseMost of the times, words have more than one meaning. The context of the interaction also prefixes the preciseness of the meaning of a particular word. Each one of us, as a communicator, has got his own style of using different words in different contexts. Sometimes the meaning of a word is presumed but it is not the intended meaning. Adler (1991) commented that misinterpretation can be caused by faulty perceptions of a person or situation that arise when what actually exists is not seen. It can be caused by an inaccurate interpretation of what is seen that is, by using my meanings to make sense out of your reality. Thus, the variety of interpretations causes semantic noise in the communication process. 18 The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012ConclusionCommunication is an integral and underlying element in any relation, wh ether personal, social, professional, global or business. Communication is the key factor that helps any business to progress substantially. The advent of new technologies has ensured the accessibility of efficient tools of communication through which the percolation of message, sending and receiving, has become much faster. Even then, dependence on electronic gadgets begets new system errors, either haulting the communication process or transmitting it inaccurately or after much delay. There are innumerable factors which may disrupt the communication flow, and these disruptions are known as potential barriers or various types of noises causing unexpected interruptions.The models displayed in the paper are rich resources tomonitor the active zones where the barriers might occur and can cause difficulty in the delivery of the message intended. The proposed models describe the barriers in the overall communication process and the respective points at which the probabilities of such d isruptions are higher. No doubt, the barriers create complexity, difficulty and interruptions in communication, but the suggested model will naturally help in understanding such undesired occurrences. The conceptual framework does provide an exhaustive understanding of such complex situations caused by barriers and noises and shows how to remove them from the path of communication flow to enjoy constant and accurate flow of communication from one to another or many.Hahn Gail (2007), The Communication Coach II, Coloring Outside the Lines. Palazzolo Sam (September 2008), Influential Communication, available at http/ /findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5286/is_20080901/ai_n28118653. Accessed on November 1, 2014. Sanchez Nick (September 2008), communication theory Process, available at http// web.njit.edu/lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. Accessed on November 2, 2014

Representation: How Have the Youth of Today Been Portrayed in Documentaries Essay

The youth of today are viewed as being an uncontrollable generation events such as the London Riots collect created a shift of purview of youths in the United Kingdom. This uncontrollable generation is depicted through social offsprings such as binge drinking, drugs, smoking as s swell up up as violence and unemployment. most of the representations in the media today are exaggerated to an extent for entertainment purposes such as documentaries, news and macrocosm television shows.I will be looking into documentaries to view how the youth of today are being portrayed whether it is positive or negative and if it conforms to cultural stereotypes of society. The image of teenagers has changed oer the many years with Stanley Cohens Folk Devils and deterrent example Panics The Creation of Mods and Rocker (1972) has led the innovative discussion on the constantly growing image of the teenager. He used moral panics to describe the emergence of individuals or groups to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests 1.His book has been evolutionary to the perspective of teenagers and his inspection of youth gangs most notably the Mods and Rockers. This links to the London riots of 2011 that had shook the nation, the tension between gangs and the police grew resulting into chaos. Such a social issue is viewed as a taboo of the current era and the media took a pivotal design to generate facts and spread anxiety and fear thus creating a Moral Panic in the UK. The first infotainment that I will be analysing is Channel 4s documentary Educating Essex.The Passmores School in Harlow, Essex, is a winning school in a challenging area. The documentary exposes what life is really like for todays students and teachers. The school had been rigged with 65 fixed cameras from the corridors to the canteen, and from the wit teachers office to the detention hall to reveal every detail of daily life. The first programme of the series joins the deputy head at Passmore s School in Essex and sees how he deals with emotional teenagers. The depiction of teenagers in this documentary varies and the audience views a lot of head on confrontation between students and teachers.The novel adults in this documentary are all shown to be underachievers who hassle teachers, and cause problems within the classroom. The portrayal of teenagers in the series is progressively negative, due to their constant confrontations with teachers and their actions in lesson. The dress code of the adolescence in this documentary is disordered. This is shown to the public to allow viewing what teenagers look like at school and the deteriorating education system. The documentary also displays the binary star oppositions between the student and teacher, and soon it becomes the centre of attention of the documentary.Channel 4s documentary making is heavily edited (also mediated) and shows only the points of commotion throughout the day at the secondary school. The target audience is identified through the documentaries use of colloquial language. The target audience is teenagers and young adults/ parent with the ages ranging from 14- 24 years. Most will watch as to identify with the students, but some may watch for information. The media plays a key role in the representation of teenagers as well as influencing their young minds.In the research paper The Influence of Media Violence on Youth violent television and films, video games, and music reveal dogmatic evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviour in both immediate and long-term contexts2. The research paper goes on to describe how reality television, gaming and music are leaders in the influence of youngsters minds. In Dr Kate Orton-Johnsons talk on Youth Culture, Media and Society she describes how Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion about youth culture and the various forms of social practices that young people engage in 3.Albert Ba nduras Bobo-Doll investigate highlighted the role of social imitation of aggression. Thus, the more you are exposed to violence the more you are prone to repeat the same acts that you as the individual have witnessed 4. The second documentary I will be analysing is Ross Kemp on Gangs Liverpool where he visits Liverpool to investigate the infamous postcode L11 gangs. The murder of an 11-year-old boy in a Liverpool suburb alerted the country to the citys escalating gang culture. Rhys Jones was an innocent bystander caught in the crossfire of gang war.Ross Kemp goes in search of the youth gangs said to be causing mayhem on Liverpools streets and asks whether this area is becoming a reputation of a hub of gun and gang crime. Ross Kemps documentary style is investigative and it involves one of the six types of modes of documentary 5 that bar Nicholas identified. This documentary in particular involves the participatory mode of documentation in which the film maker is directly involved with the subject, while all events are recorded. The youngsters in this documentary are portrayed as being violent, ignorant and unemployed.This conforms to the cultural stereotypes of the teenager. The guardian newspaper wrote an article on the cultural stereotypes that young adults wait and tries to show the two ends of the spectrum. The article allows youngsters to have an input to the stereotypes that they face and express their view on the issue at hand. It doesnt matter how you look, speak or dress, the only criterion required is whether youre a young person 6. The newspaper highlights a binary opposition between youths and adults.Ross Kemps approach to the youngsters in this documentary appears to be welcoming. As he interviews them he climaxes the fact that young men from deprived, and that neglected areas are failed by the state and thus, these youngsters resort to violence, drugs and overall suffer from unemployment as a consequence. These young adults are not only faile d by the state but also on behalf of the education system and their parent. This documentary is revealed to be moderately sympathetic towards the youth of today reiterating the fact that youngsters are victims of the adult world.

Explaining Attitudes As Dependent Variable Education Essay

3.0 IntroductionThere ar 12 weapons in this chapter. The first subdivision is an overview of the chapter. The 2nd subdivision discusses related theories employ in this persuasion. Next, discusses variables and hypothesis utilize in this survey. The forth subdivision concentrating on explore Model and fol humble by population and samples used in this survey. Section sise in this chapter rationalise the performer used and section seven of this chapter explain briefly the measuring blames used. Fol small-scaleing subdivision discourse how the selective information aggregation d unrivaled and follow by pilot survey and the dependability outpouring consequence for the pilot survey. Section eleven discuss roughly the information analysis and near by the sum-up of the chapter.3.1 link TheoryIn explicating situations as dependent variable ( DV ) , this subdivision result discourse Diffusion of Innovation ( Rogers, 1995 ) and Techno put downy Acceptance Model ( Davis et al, 19 89 ) . For the independent variable ( IV ) , this subdivision presents comprehend usefulness, sensed easiness of use of goods and services and external factors that comprise attainment moods, meshing log capacity and teachers demographic ( i.e. gender, twelvemonth of learning dampen and command tip ) .3.1.1 Diffusion of Innovation Model ( DOI )Harmonizing to Rogers ( 1995 ) , a individual spot towards a new engineering is a cardinal component in its diffusion. Rogers Innovation Decision Process theory provinces that concepts diffusion is a procedure that occurs overtime through five phases ( Figure 3.1 ) Knowledge the individual becomes cognizant of an invention and has some thought of how it functions.Persuasion the individual forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude towards the invention.Decision the individual engages in activities that lead to a fault to follow or reject the invention.Implementation the individual puts an invention into usage.Confirmation the individual evaluates the consequences of an innovation-decision already made.ADiffusion_of_Innovations_Theory-1.pngFigure 3.1 Diffusion of Innovation Model ( Rogers, 1995 )As Rogers ( 1995 ) had stated that instructors incontrovertible attitudes exhibit their induction into the innovation-decision procedure, this theory appears relevant for usage in survey instructors attitudes towards net spirt log usage in learning. Teachers may h senescent already gone through the Knowledge and Persuasion phases ( Rogers, 1995 ) . They likely proceed to the Decision stage with the usage of blade log in learning. Theorists start out indicated, attitudes can oft announce future decision-making behavior ( Ajzen & A Fishbein, 1980 ) . Zimbardo and Leippe ( 1991 ) congeald attitude as an rating temperament toward some intent ground on knowledges, affectional responses, behaviors, and behavioural purposes. Harmonizing to Albirini ( 2004 ) and Chao ( 2005 ) , attitude is an informed sensit ivity to react and consist threesome concept relateional TheA affectiveA agent of attitude is said to dwell of a individual s rating of, wishing of, or emotional response to some state of affairs, object, or individual. Affectional responses reflect one s attitude with esthesiss of pleasance, unhappiness, or another(prenominal) classs of bodily rousing.Cognitive TheA cognitiveA constituent of an attitude is conceptualized as a individual s factual recognition of the state of affairs, object, or individual, including oneself. In other words, the cognitive constituent raises to how much a individual knows about a subject, such as figure instruments.Behavioural TheA behaviouralA constituent of an attitude involves the individual s unaffixed behavior directed toward a state of affairs, object, or individual.Therefore, this survey considered the three concepts of attitudes. Based on past searches, the Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM ) by Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) has widely u sed to look into users attitudes towards new engineering. Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) stressed that attitude of a user towards a system was a major determiner of whether the user leave behind authentically utilize or reject the system. The future(a) subdivision discusses the Technology Acceptance Model.3.1.2 Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM )Harmonizing to Davis et Al. ( 1989 ) , user attitude is influenced by two major beliefs perceived usefulness and sensed easiness of usage, with sensed easiness of usage holding a direct influence on sensed utility. Finally, both these beliefs were suggested were straight influence by the system design features represented by external variables ( Figure 3.2 ) .External Variables perceive expendfulnessPerceived peace of expenditureAttitude towards BehaviourBehavioral Intention to UseActual System UseFigure 3.2 Technology Acceptance Model ( Davis et al. , 1989 )External variables typically include system features, user preparation, user engagement in design, and the nature of the execution procedure ( Venkatesh & A Davis, 1996 ) . As this research focuses on instructors and instruction, the external variables refer to learning ports, electronic network log competency, and instructors feature which comprise gender, old ages of learning have it off and degree of instruction.3.1.3 External Factors3.1.3.1 teaching method MannersAs cited by capital of Oregon ( 2001 ) , learning manners refer to the processs or procedures adopted and employed by the instructor in order to win the daily aims of the lesson. They argon too the conglobations of one s positions, strong beliefs, and attacks on the attainment of maximal consequences in the teaching-learning procedure. Teaching manners are personal properties of a instructor and vary from one instructor to another. Harmonizing to Kaplan and Kies ( 1995 ) , learning manners refers to a instructor s personal behavior and media used to convey informations to or have it from the scho lar and involves the execution of the instructor s doctrine about instruction ( Conti, 2004 ) .Teaching manners were classified in different ways. Salem ( 2001 ) classified learning manners as ocular, audile, root word, kinesthetic, single and tactile. visual instruction manner The instructor presents the lesson through images, studies, diagrams, graphs, or other related illustrations.Auditory learning manner The instructor lectures or gives un indite accounts some of the clip. root learning manner The instructor adopts group interaction and group treatment techniques in the learning the lessons.Kinesthetic instruction manner The instructor engages the pupils in physical motions as they learn the root.Individual instruction manner The instructor requires single recitations, single undertakings, assignments, etc.Tactile learning manner The instructor adopts hands-on activities. succession Salem ( 2001 ) offered six instruction manners, Heimlich ( 1990 ) suggested learning manners into four spheres Expert, Provider, Facilitator and Enabler. Teacher with an expert preferred manner are capable oriented and seek energy in information sharing chiefly through talk. The supplier instructors are learner-cantered and desire strength in learning. Methods built-in to their manner of learning include group treatment, presentation and haved activities. The facilitator instructors are teacher-cantered and the methods of direction depend on capable content to a greater extent(prenominal) than than on the scholars. The enabler manner of instruction is really learner-cantered in that the scholars define both the activity and the procedure in the attainment environment.Cano et Al. ( 1992 ) , Raven et Al. ( 1993 ) and Whittington and Raven ( 1995 ) used Heimlich ( 1990 ) definition and point used to determine the topics preferred instruction manner. This instrument defines two spheres, feeling ( ability of the instructor to sense the shared features of the group of scholars ) and inclusion ( teacher s willingness and ability to use techniques to deepen the larning experience based on the groups features ) . The low inclusion and low sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled expert. A instructor who scores in the low inclusion and high sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled the supplier. The high inclusions and low sensitiveness quarter-circle is labelled facilitator. The concluding dimension is the high inclusion and high sensitiveness quarter-circle and instructors with this manner are labelled enabler. Compared to others definition, Grasha ( 1996 ) is the 1 that popular among recent research workers ( Dugas, 2005 Kiong, 2006 Norzila et al. , 2007 Vaughn and Baker, 2008 Zamri et al. , 2009 Ahmad and Panai, 2010 and Kassaian and Ayatollahi, 2010 ) . Grasha ( 1994 ) place five instruction manners Expert, positive Authority, person-to-person Model, Facilitator and Delegator.Expert Possess cognition and expert ness that pupil demand. Strive to keep position as an expert among pupils by exposing elaborate cognition and by disputing pupils to heighten their competency. Concerned with conveying information and insuring that pupils are good prepared.Formal Authority Possesses position among pupils because of cognition and function as a module member. Concerned with supplying validating and negative feedback, great deal uping learning ends, outlooks, and regulations of behavior for pupils. Concerned with the correct, accep control board and standard ways to brace things and with supplying pupils with the construction they need to larn. own(prenominal) Model Beliefs in instruction by personal illustration and established a paradigm for how to believe and act. Oversees, ushers, and directs by demoing how to make things, and encouraging pupils to detect and so to emulate the teacher s attack.Facilitator accent the personal nature of teacher-student interactions. Guides and directs pupils by inquiring inquiries, researching options, proposing options and promoting them to develop standards to do informed picks. Overall end is to develop in pupils the strength for the independent action, enterprise, and duty. Work with pupils on undertakings in a advisory manner and attempts to supply every bit much as support and back upment as possible.Delegator Concerned with developing pupils capacity of map in a independent manner. Students work independently on undertakings or as portion of independent squads. The instructor is available at the crave of pupils as a resource individual. circuit card 3.1Summary of Teaching Style ModelModelCategorized of Teaching StylesWriterHeimlich ( 1990 )ExpertSupplierFacilitatorEnablerCano et al. , 1992 Raven et al. , 1993 Whittington and Raven, 1995Grasha ( 1996 )ExpertFormal AuthorityPersonal ModelFacilitatorDelegatorDugas, 2005 Kiong, 2006 Norzila et al. , 2007 Vaughn and Baker, 2008 Zamri et al. , 2009 Ahmad and Panai, 2010 an d Kassaian and Ayatollahi, 2010 )Salem ( 2001 )OcularAuditoryGroupKinestheticIndividualTactileSalem ( 2001 ) , Soliven ( 2003 )3.1.3.2 intercommunicate CompetencePrevious research suggests that instructors attitudes towards engineerings are alike related to instructors engineering competency. In their survey of the correlativity between instructors attitude and credence of engineering, Francis-Pelton and Pelton ( 1996 ) found that although many instructors believe computation automobiles are an of import constituent of a pupil s instruction, their wishing of cognition and experience lead to a deficiency of agency to try to present them into their direction.Previous research has pointed to instructors deficiency of cypher machine competency as a chief barrier to their credence and acceptance of ICT in developing states ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 Na, 1993 Pelgrum, 2001 ) . Albirini ( 2004 ) supported and widen the findings from old research. The mint of respondents reported holding small or no competency in managing most of the deliberation machine maps needed by pedagogues. This tendency did non supported the premise that instructors with low degree of computing machine competency normally have negative attitudes toward computing machines ( Summers, 1990 ) .On the other manus, Albirini ( 2004 ) found that computing machine competency was significantly related to instructors attitudes supports the theoretical and empirical statements made for the importance of computing machine competency in finding instructors attitudes toward ICT ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 Berner, 2003 Bulkeley, 1993 Na, 1993 ) . In add-on, the kin between computing machine attitudes and competency suggests that higher computing machine competency may further the already positive attitudes of instructors and finally ensue in their usage of computing machines inside the schoolroom. In this survey, web log competency mean by web log cognition and blogging accomplishments.3.1.3.3 Teacher s Dem ographicsBesides Teaching Styles and intercommunicate Competence as the external factors in this research, instructors demographics withal interested to research. Teachers demographics comprise gender, instructors instruction experiences and instruction degree.Gender There are turning concerns about the low engagement of adult females in information engineering related callings ( Green, 1996 Idowu, Adagunodo & A Popoola, 2003 ) . Surveies have repeatedly found gender differences in attitudes towards IT. For case, Venkatesh and Morris ( 2000 ) and Drup ( 2004 ) found that males had more positive attitudes towards the usage of computing machines than females. Others such as Ray, Sormunen and Harris ( 1999 ) found the contrary to be the instance. However, in contrast to both sides, research workers such as Busch ( 1995 ) , Idowu ( 1997 ) , Asan ( 2000 ) , and Tiamiyu, Ajayi and Olatokun ( 2002 ) found no meaning(a) descent between gender and attitudes towards IT.Teaching Exper iences Surveies have shown that people who have used IT for some clip exhibit more positive attitudes towards IT ( Christensen, 1997 Gilmore, 1998 ) . Igbaria and Chakrabarti ( 1990 ) besides found that computing machine experience significantly affected attitudes toward computing machines. Christensen ( 1997 ) observed that with acquaintance, anxiousnesss and frights tend to diminish and assurance additions, and that people with frontal positive experience tend to be more willing to follow a engineering than those who have had either a anterior negative experience or no experience at all. In this survey, the research workers focus on learning experiences.Education Degree Most of the instructors in Secondary Schools in Malaysia are in degree degree. Merely a few of them merely keep Diploma and Masters even Doctorate. Hamdan ( 2007 ) investigated the attitudes towards e-learning found that in that respect are grave difference in educational degree towards e-learning.3.2 VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESIS3.2.1 AttitudeRefering the significance of attitudes, different research workers gave different but somehow related definitions of the word. Aiken ( 1980 ) described attitudes as erudite sensitivities to react positively or negatively to certain objects, state of affairss, constructs, or individuals . Besides that, other research workers used psychological concepts to explicate attitudes. Loyd and Gressard ( 1984 ) , for illustration, divided the concept attitudes into four different variables, which are ( I ) computing machine liking ( two ) computing machine anxiousness ( three ) computing machine assurance, and ( four ) perceived utility of the computing machine. There are research workers who seemed to be satisfied with Loyd and Gressard s definition, like Koohang ( 1989 ) and Necessary and Parish ( 1996 ) .Furthermore, Zimbardo and Leippe ( 1991 ) defined attitude as an rating temperament toward some object based on knowledges, affectional responses, behavio rs, and behavioral purposes. Likewise, Chao ( 2005 ) and Albirini ( 2006 ) defines attitude as an informed sensitivity to react and consist three concept, affectional, knowledge and behavioral. Besides that, Agbonlahor ( 2008 ) defined that attitude towards utilizing computing machines in instruction is a perceptual experience of the value of the usage of computing machines for his/her ain productiveness, every bit good as for the make of his/her pupils.Therefore, in this peculiar survey, attitude towards web log usage in instruction is a perceptual experience of the value of the usage of web log for his/her ain productiveness, every bit good as for the benefit of his/her pupils. Attitudes in this survey besides concept with affectional, cognitive and behavioral ( Zimbardo and Leippe, 1991 Chao, 2005 and Albirini, 2006 Agbonlahor, 2008.Several information systems surveies have identified attitude as one of the strongest factors act uponing successful IT usage in any administrati on ( Christensen, 1997 Agarwal & A Prasad, 1998 Gilmore, 1998 ) . Furthermore, research workers have found that although expert and fiscal barriers are rather weighty in the procedures of incorporating IT into instruction, pedagogues attitudes is even more so ( Gilmore, 1998 ) . Attitudes have been found to impact perceptual experiences, and thitherfore, rates of acceptance and purpose of use of IT ( Agarwal & A Prasad, 1998 Pajo, 2000 ) .Albirini ( 2006 ) investigated the attitudes of high school instructors in Syrian toward ICT and found that participants had positive attitudes toward ICT in instruction. The respondents positive attitudes were apparent within the affectional, cognitive and behavioral spheres. The determination of research was similar with those of Hong and Koh ( 2002 ) , Psillosb et Al. ( 2003 ) , Shapka and Ferrari ( 2003 ) , Teo et Al. ( 2008 ) , Agbonlahor ( 2008 ) , Chen ( 2008 ) and Tezci ( 2009 ) .3.2.2 Perceived UsefulnessDavis ( 1985 ) defined se nsed utility as the tag to which an person believes that utilizing a peculiar system would heighten his or her occupation public presentation. Perceived Usefulness is proposed to hold a direct impact on instructors attitude towards utilizing web log in instruction because instructors will be more positive to utilize system if it can give benefits to them.The sensed utility of computing machines can act upon attitudes toward computing machines, and the sum of assurance a instructor possesses in utilizing computing machines may act upon his or her execution in the schoolroom ( Gressard & A Loyd, 1985 ) . Teo et Al. ( 2007 ) found that pre-service instructors Perceived Usefulness was important in finding computing machine attitudes. This determination contributes to old research ( Legris et al. 2003 Huang & A Liaw 2005 Pituch & A Lee 2006 ) that found Perceived Usefulness to be a cardinal determiner on computing machine attitudes.If pupils perceived the utility of computing mac hine and experience confident in utilizing it, this will take to more positive attitudes ( Noiwan, Piyawat, & A Norcio, 2005 ) . Tg. Faekah et Al. ( 2008 ) found that perceived utility besides showed strong correlativities with attitude, analogue to old surveies by Garland and Noyes ( 2004 ) , Gao ( 2005 ) , Havelka ( 2004 ) , Hunt and Bohlin ( 1993 ) , McGrath and Thurston ( 1992 ) , McInerney, McInerney and Sinclair ( 1990 ) , Mitra and Steffensmeier ( 2000 ) , Teo ( 2006 ) and Yaghi ( 1997 ) . Student attitude toward computing machines is besides linked with how utile they think the computing machine is and the sum of experience they have in utilizing computing machines. Therefore, it is hypothesizedH1 A instructors Perceived Usefulness of web log in learning affects his/herattitude towards utilizing web log in instruction.3.2.3 Perceived Ease of UseDavis ( 1985 ) defined sensed easiness of usage as the grade to which an person believes that utilizing a peculiar system would be free of physical and mental attempt. Teo et Al. ( 2007 ) besides found that pre-service instructors Perceived Ease of Use had important do on computing machine attitudes. The important relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and computing machine attitudes is a logical one and supports accredited research that positive computing machine attitude are associated with Perceived Ease of Use. Sime and Priestley ( 2005 ) found that pre-service instructors attitudes towards the usage of an ICT light beam were influenced by how easy it was to utilize the tool and that they were loath to utilize a tool that seemed hard to utilize. Therefore, it is hypothesizedH2 A instructors Perceived Ease of Use of web log in learning affects his/herattitude towards utilizing web log in instruction.3.2.4 Blog CompetenceA big figure of surveies showed that instructors computing machine competency is a important forecaster of their attitudes toward computing machines ( Berner, 2003 Na, 1993 Summ ers, 1990 Albirini, 2006 ) . Summers ( 1990 ) found that instructors with low degree of computing machine competency normally have negative attitudes toward computing machines. On the other manus, the fact that computing machine competency was significantly related to instructors attitudes supports the theoretical and empirical statements made for the importance of computing machine competency in finding instructors attitudes toward ICT ( Al-Oteawi, 2002 Berner, 2003 Na, 1993 Albirini, 2006, Zhou et al. , 2010 ) .In add-on, the relationship between computing machine attitudes and competency suggests that higher computing machine competency may further the already positive attitudes of instructors and finally ensue in their usage of computing machines within the schoolroom. Therefore, it is hypothesizedH3 There is a important and positively relationship between instructors web log competency and their attitudes towards web log usage in learning3.2.5 Teaching StyleThis survey fo llow definition by Salem ( 2001 ) that refer learning manners to the processs or procedures adopted and employed by the instructor in order to accomplish the daily aims of the lesson. Grasha s Model ( 1994 ) was used in this survey.Kiong ( 2006 ) found that the instruction manners of the lectors who teach portion clip instruction programme are more on facilitator, expert and delegator manner. Norliza et Al. ( 2007 ) showed that the three most dominant instruction manners of the lectors perceived by the pupils were Expert, Personal Model and Delegator. It was besides found that the pupils most favorite(a) instruction manner was Facilitator. Zamri et Al. ( 2009 ) showed that the three instruction manners often used by lector were the personal theoretical account, facilitator and the delegator manner. Kassaian and Ayatollahi ( 2010 ) found that Formal Authority, Expert and Delegator were the most dominant instruction manners.A important difference exists in formal authorization and p ersonal theoretical account among the lectors who teach theories based on learning experience and academic subject. However, the differences of learning manners merely occurred among the lectors who teach practical topic in delegator manner based on learning experience. ( Kiong, 2006 ) . However, Zamri et Al. ( 2009 ) found that there were important differences of the instruction manners based on the topics taught for the expert, formal authorization and the personal theoretical account. The survey besides showed that there was a important mediocre difference for learning manners based on instructors experience for the facilitator manner.On the other manus, found that there were no important differences among the lectors who teach practical topic based on academic subject in their instruction manner ( Kiong, 2006 ) and school session and option ( Zamri et al. , 2009 ) . From the old research, it is hypothesized thatH4a There is important and positively relationship between instruc tors withadept manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.H4b There is important and positively relationship between instructors withformal authorization manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.H4c There is important and positively relationship between instructors withpersonal theoretical account manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.H4d There is important and positively relationship between instructors withfacilitator manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.H4e There is important and positively relationship between instructors withdelegator manner and their attitudes toward web log usage in instruction.3.2.6 Teachers DemographicsSeveral research workers have found that females have more negative attitudes towards computing machine and ICT ( Akkoyunlu & A Orhan, 2003 Miura, 1987 Murpy, Coover & A Owen, 1989 Uzunboylu, 2004 Venkatesh & A Davis, 2000 ) . Kubiatko & A Halakova ( 2009 ) f ound that males have more positive attitudes toward ICT than females. Then, Kubiatko et Al. ( 2010 ) revealed the same consequence that males have more positive attitudes towards ICT as compared to females. On the other custodies, Teo ( 2008 ) found that no important differences were found in the survey, both male and females pre-service instructors at all ages were similar in their attitudes towards the computing machine and Cavas et Al. ( 2009 ) on their survey on scientific disciplines instructors in Turkish unproblematic schools besides found that no important different between male and female instructors on attitude towards engineering.Experience were another factor that ever selected by research worker to analyze. Computer experience has been the most normally cited variable correlated to positive attitudes ( Dupagne & A Krendel, 1992 Woodrow, 1992 Chou 1997 Levine & A Donitsa-Schmidt 1998 Ropp 1999 Yang, Mohamed, & A Beyerbach, 1999 Winter, Chudoba & A Gutek, 1998 Smith, Caputi & A Rawstorne, 2000 YAldArAm, 2000 Gaudron & A Vignoli 2002 ) . For illustration, Woodrow ( 1992 ) reported correlativities between computing machine experience and attitudes toward engineering. Chou ( 1997 ) besides highlighted that computing machine experience influenced teacher attitudes toward computing machines. Ropp ( 1999 ) found that there is important relationship between computing machine entree & A hours of computing machine usage per hebdomad and computing machine attitudes. Igbaria and Chakrabarti ( 1990 ) found that computing machine experience significantly affected attitudes toward computing machines. Christensen ( 1997 ) observed that people with anterior positive experience tend to be more willing to follow a engineering than those who have had either a anterior negative experience or no experience at all. Cavas et Al. ( 2009 ) found that Turkish scientific discipline instructors have positive attitudes toward ICT and it differs sing computing m achine experience. In this survey, the research worker focuses on learning experiences. Therefore, it is hypothesizedH5 There is important relationship between the male and femaleinstructors and their attitudes towards web log usage in instruction.H6 There is important relationship between instructors instructionexperiences and their attitudes towards web log usage in instruction.H7 There is no important relationship between instructors educational degreeand their attitude towards web log usage in instruction.3.3 RESEARCH MODELBased on theories adopted from Davis et Al ( 1989 ) , Roger ( 1995 ) , Grasha ( 1994 ) , Chao ( 2-5 ) , figure 3.3 illustrates the research theoretical account of this survey.EXTERNAL FACTORTeaching MannerExpertFormal AuthorityPersonal ModelFacilitatorDelegatorBLOG COMPETENCETeachers DEMOGRAPHICSGenderOld ages OF TeachingEDUCATION LEVELPERCEIVED USEFULNESSPERCEIVED EASE OF USEATTITUDE TOWARDS BLOG USECognitiveAffectionalBehavioralH4a, H4b, H4c, H4d, H4eH1H3, H5, H6, H7H2Figure 3.3 Research Model3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLEThe survey adopted systematic graded sampling. In Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, there are 87 authorities secondary schools. The schools are divided into four zones Keramat, Sentul, Pudu and Bangsar ) . In this survey, the Keramat Zone was chosen. In Keramat Zone, there are 20 secondary schools and selected as the population for this survey. Out of 20 schools, 10 schools were selected as samples with 700 respondents. circumvent 3.2 shows schools involved in this survey and the figure of respondents involved. fudge 3.2SampleName of SchoolsEstimated Number of Teachers%Distributed%SMK ( P ) Air Panas808.95628.85SMK Danau Kota12413.879713.86SMK Padang Tembak11012.308612.29SMK Puteri Titiwangsa9010.077010.00SMK Seksyen 5 Wangsa Maju one hundred thirty14.5410114.43SMK Seri Titiwangsa616.82486.86SMK Setapak Indah768.50608.57SMK Wangsa Maju Seksyen 2687.61547.71SMK Wangsa Melawati808.95639.00SMK Zon R1 Wangsa Maju758.39598.4 3Entire8941007001003.5 InstrumentThe primary instrument used in this survey is examine questionnaire. In this research, close-ended inquiries were more preferred than open-ended inquiries. All the close-ended inquiries were designed and developed based on old research workers.3.6 MEASUREMENTThere are 72 point in the questionnaire. The questionnaire divided into five chief subdivisions. Section one consist of instructors demographic, followed by subdivision two with attitudes head that contains affectional, cognitive and behavioral properties. Section three about instructors web log competency and subdivision four points related to perceived usefulness and easiness of usage and the last subdivisions produce learning manners points. All points in this questionnaire were derived and adopted from anterior research workers to asseverate the dependability and cogency of the informations.A five-likert graduated card was applied in each point of the questionnaire except points in instr uctor s demographic subdivision. Scale runing from 1 Strongly not Agree, 2 Not Agree, 3 Natural, 4 Agree and 5 Strongly Agree. The questionnaire prepared in multiple linguistic communication, English and Bahasa Melayu.3.6.1 Teacher s DemographicTeacher s demographics are related to respondent s general features. Age and gender are indispensable when covering with the nature of the population being studied. In this research, point such as name of school , topics Teach , instruction experiences , learning period/week , highest instruction degree and learning degree we besides employed in the questionnaire.3.6.2 AttitudesIn this survey, point modified from Albarini ( 2006 ) . Three points developed from affectional sphere ( point 9 11 ) , five points from cognitive sphere ( point 12 16 ) and three points from behavioral sphere ( point 17 19 ) . Table 3.3 show the beakment point in item. A five point Likert graduated table was used to value the responses ramping fr om 1=srongly disagree to 5=strongly agree.Table 3.3Measurement of Teachers Attitude towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA9. exploitation web logs for learning does non frighten me at all.1234510.I am glad there are more web logs these ages used for instruction.1234511.Using web logs for instruction is gratifying.1234512.Using web logs for learning saves clip and attempt.1234513.Students must utilize web logs in all capable affairs.1234514.Web logs would actuate pupils to make more survey.1234515.Web logs are a fast and efficient agencies of acquiring information.1234516.Web logs can heighten pupils acquisition.1234517.I would instead learn without web logs than utilizing web logs.1234518.If I had the clip, I would larn to make web logs for learning intents.1234519.I would wish to larn more about web logs for usage in instruction.123453.6.2 Perceived UsefulnessPerceived utility is defined as the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculia r system would heighten his or her occupation public presentation by Davis ( 1989 ) . Perceives usefulness is one of two dominant concept of TAM to measure user s credence. situation from Davis ( 1989 ) were adapted utilizing five-point Likert graduated table runing from 1=srongly disagree to 5=strongly agree.Table 3.4Measurement of Perceived Usefulness towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA24.Using web logs for learning will better my learning public presentation.1234525.Using web logs for learning enhances my effectivity on instruction.1234526.Using web logs for learning improves the quality of instruction.1234527.Overall, I find utilizing web logs utile in my instruction.123453.6.3 Perceived Ease of UseDavis ( 1989 ) defined sensed easiness of usage as the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculiar system would be free of attempt . The steps of sensed easiness of usage were comprehensively used by many anterior surveies, for illustra tions, Lederer et Al ( 1989 ) modified the steps of sensed easiness of usage that tantrum with the World Wide Web ( web ) use. In this survey, the points for sensed easiness of usage were adapted from Davis ( 1989 ) to suit within instructor s attitude toward web log usage in learning. The six points used a five-point Likert graduated table runing from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree.Table 3.5Measurement of Perceived Ease of Use towards Blog Use in TeachingSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA28.Using web logs is easy for me.1234529.I find it easy to acquire web logs to make what I essential to make.1234530.Geting information from web log is easy.1234531.My interaction with web logs is clear and apprehensible.1234532.It would be easy for me to go adept at utilizing web logs.1234533.Overall, I find blogs easy to utilize.123453.6.4 Teaching StyleThe Grasha-Riechman Teaching Styles stock certificate ( GRTSI ) ia a study instrument used to find learning manner. The GRTSI uses a s tudy instrument with 40 points, and uses a five-point Likert graduated table for each. Each fiber of learning manner contributes eight points each. All points were assorted up to avoid prejudice.Table 3.6Item Distribution of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in TeachingTeaching MannerNo. of ItemsExpert34, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59, 64, 69Formal Authority35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70Personal Model36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71Facilitator37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72Delegator38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63, 68, 73Table 3.7Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in TeachingExpertSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA34.Facts, constructs, and rules are the most of import things that pupils should get.1234539.Sharing my cognition and expertness with pupils is really of import to me.1234544.What I have to state about a subject is of import for pupils to get a broader position on the issues in that country.1234549.I want pupils to go forth my category good prepared for farther work in this country.1234 554.Lecturing is a important portion of how I teach each of the category Sessionss.1234559.My expertness is typically used to decide dissensions about content issues.1234564.Students might depict me as a depot of cognition who dispenses the fact, rules, and constructs they need.1234569.There is more stuff in my capable than I have clip available to cover it.12345Formal Authority35.I plume high criterions for pupils in my category.1234540.I give pupils negative feedback when their public presentation is unsatisfactory.1234545.Students would depict my criterions and outlooks as slightly rigorous and stiff.1234550.It is my duty to specify what pupils must larn and how they should larn it.1234555.I provide really clear guidelines for how I want undertakings completed in my category.1234560.My category has really specific ends and objectives that I want to carry through.1234565.My outlooks for what I want pupils to make in this category are clearly defined in the course of study.12345 70.My criterions and outlooks help pupils develop the subject the demand to larn.12345Table 3.7 ( Continued )Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in TeachingPersonal ModelSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA36.What I say and do theoretical accounts throw overboard ways for pupils to believe about issues in the content.1234541.Students are hiked to emulate the illustration I provided.1234546.I typically show pupils how and what to make in order to get the hang capable content.1234551.Examples from my personal experiences frequently are used to exemplify points about the stuff.1234556.I frequently show pupils how they can utilize assorted rules and constructs.1234561.Students receive frequent verbal and/or written remarks on their public presentation.1234566.Finally, many pupils begin to believe like me about capable content.1234571.Students might depict me as a manager who works closely with person to rectify jobs in how they think and behave.12345Facilitator37.My instruct ion ends and methods address a assortment of pupil acquisition manners.1234542.I spend clip consulting with pupils on how to better their work on single and/or group undertakings.1234547.Small group treatments are employed to assist pupils develop their ability to believe critically.1234552.I guide pupils work on category undertakings by inquiring inquiries, researching options, and proposing alternate ways to make things.1234557.Class activities encourage pupils to take enterprise and duty for their acquisition.1234562.I solicit student advice about how and what to learn in my category.1234567.Students can do picks among activities in order to finish capable demands.1234572.I give pupils a batch of personal support and encouragement to make good in my topic.12345Delegator38.Students typically work on category undertakings entirely with small supervising from me.1234543.Activities in my category encourage pupils to develop their ain thoughts about content issues.1234548.Students de sign one or more autonomous acquisition experiences.1234553.Developing the ability of pupils to believe and work independently is an of import end.1234558.Students take duty for learning portion of the category Sessionss.1234563.Students set their ain gait for goal independent and/or group undertakings.1234568.My attack to instruction is similar to a director of a work group who delegates undertakings and duties to subsidiaries.12345Table 3.7 ( Continued )Measurement of Teaching Style towards Blog Use in TeachingDelegatorSouth dakotaCalciferolNitrogenASA73.I assume the function of a resource individual who is available to pupils whenever they need aid.123453.6.5 Blog CompetenceBlog Competence is to mensurate blog competency among instructors. This points was created by the research worker intentionally for this survey. Five Likert Scale besides applied. 1 Not Competence, 2 Less Competence, 3 book Competence, 4 Competence and 5 Very Competence.Table 3.8Measurement of Blog Comp etence towards Blog Use in TeachingNorth carolinaLCMegahertzCVC20.Make a web log to portion my experiences and cognition.1234521.Use a web log to pass by information for instruction intents.1234522.Post and answer to remarks in web logs for learning intents.1234523.Update a web log with new information about instruction.123453.7 DATA COLLECTIONA varsity letter of permission submitted to Jabatan Pelajaran Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ( JPWPKL ) to seek a blessing to carry oning a research at selected schools as listed before. After having an blessing missive, researcher conveying it when meet the leash for each schools. Researcher gives brief account about the research. Then, researcher seeks the cooperation of the principals to acquire a list of instructors toA guarantee the figure of instructors.Each questionnaire labelled with a ensuant figure. Every instructor who took the questionnaire will be recorded their consecutive Numberss. ThisA isA intended toA facilitateA the sc hool to retrieveA allA the questionnaires for collection.A Besides, A itA besides makes it easierA for research worker to retrace the instructor if there is an uncomplete questionnaire. Principal appointA aA representativeA fromA the teachersA toA manage theA distributionA and aggregation ofA surveysA andA toA mediateA betweenA teachersA andA research workers. Within one hebdomad, research worker will come back to school to roll up the questionnaires.3.8 PILOT STUDY wing survey refers to testings of the questionnaire on a little sample of respondents to place and extinguish possible jobs ( Hunt et al. , 1982 Parasuram, 1987 Malhorta, 2004 ) . 80 participants from SMK Wangsa Melawati participated in the pilot survey.Table 3.9Pilot Study DistributionEntire DistributedEntire ReturnedFunctionalNot Functional80747403.9 RELIABILITY PILOT STUDY INSTRUMENT3.9.1 Dependent Variable AttitudeThe dependability trial was performed utilizing SPSS ( let go of 18 ) for Windows to measure the inst ruments. Table 3.11 shows the consequence of dependability trial for dependent variables. Overall dependability trial shows that all point involved in this survey were dependable. On the other custodies, the trial shows that one of the behavioral points shows the mark merely 0.544. Researcher decides to take the point and the new mark is 0.855.Table 3.10Reliability Test for Attitudes InstrumentsInstrumentBeforeAfterNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaAttitudeAffect3.7283.728Behavioral3.5442.855Cognitive5.7075.707Overall Attitude11.71710.7173.9.1 Independent Variable Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Teaching Style and Blog CompetenceTable 3.8 shows the consequence of dependability trial for independent variables. Blog Competence, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use show high dependability for all points. There is a job with one of the point in Formal Authority that makes the mark really low ( 0.200 ) . Researcher decided to discontinue poin t no. 4 in Formal Authority and it make the mark alteration to 0.603. Overall mark is 0.903. Table 3.8 summarize the dependability trial for all independent variables. Table 3.12 make a comparing learning manners point from the old research workers.Table 3.11Reliability Test for Blog Competence, Perceived Usefulness,Perceived Ease of Use and Teaching Style InstrumentsInstrumentNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaBlog Competence4.916Perceived Usefulness4.918Perceived Ease of Use6.816InstrumentBeforeAfterNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaTeaching MannerExpert8.6458.645Formal Authority8.2007.603Personal Model8.7138.713Facilitator8.6178.617Delegator8.6708.670Table 3.12Comparison of Reliability Test for Teaching Style InstrumentsTeaching MannerDugas ( 2005 )Zamri et Al. ( 2009 )Pilot StudyNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaNo. of pointCronbach s AlphaExpert80.4080.628.645Formal Authority80.4980.817.603Personal Model80.5880.808.713Facilitator80.7680.828. 617Delegator80.4880.598.670Overall400.7140Not Reported39.9033.10 DATA ANALYSISOnce informations were collected, it must be translated into an appropriate signifier for informations analysis. Harmonizing to De Vaus ( 2002 ) , there are four factors impacting how the informations are traveling to be analysed. They are the figure of variables being examined, the degree of measuring of the variables, descriptive or illative intents and ethical duty.This survey used SPSS ( let go of 18 ) for Windows to analyze the information. A measure by measure informations analysis was conducted to run into the research inquiry and aim of the survey. The process of proving the hypotheses of the survey has besides been taken in the information analysis subdivision. In this survey, there are dogged stairss in carry oning the information analysis this includes descriptive analysis, dependability analysis, factor analysis, correlativity analysis and arrested development analysis.Descriptive analysis was used to lay out the informations accurately from the variables. It besides provides more information about the distribution of the variables. The frequences, per centum, mean and standard divergence were performed to construe the information. The descriptive analysis includes age , gender , years of learning , highest making , level of learning , number of learning period/week and subject though .Harmonizing to Hair et Al ( 1998 ) , factor analysis is aimed at analyzing the construction of the correlativities among a big figure of variables by specifying a set of common implicit in dimensions ( factors ) . Furthermore, factor analysis is conducted to find whether the responses to a set of points used to mensurate a peculiar construct can be grouped together to organize an overall index of that construct ( Cramer, 2003 ) . In this survey, there are two set of variables for which factors are analysed. They are a set of independent variables and a set of dependent variables. A fter executing the factor analyses, the following measure would take to the dependability analysis of the measurings. The Cronbach s alpha is the most widely used step of dependability of the variables ( Hair et al. , 1998 Morgan et al. , 2004 ) .Correlation analysis was performed to forecast both the strength and the way of the relationship between a brace of variables ( Bryman and Cramer, 1994 ) . The variables are considered to be correlated if alterations in the 1 variable are associated with the alterations in the other variables ( Hair et al. , 1998 ) . The Pearson correlativity process is used to happen the relationship between independent variables gender, old ages of instruction, degree of instruction, web log competency, perceived easiness of usage, perceived usefulness and teaching manner and dependent variables attitudes toward web log utilizations.Finally, arrested development analysis is conducted in this survey to sum up the nature of the relationship between vari ables and for doing anticipations of likely values of dependent variables ( Bryman and Cramer, 1994 ) . Multiple arrested developments were used to foretell a graduated table of dependent variable from two or more independent variables.3.11 SummaryThe focal point of this chapter is on the development of research model. The survey will utilize a study research method design. The mark respondents for the study research participants would be secondary school instructor in Keramat Zone, Kuala Lumpur. Te extimated figure of trying units is 700. The following chapter presents the determination of the survey.