Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned - 784 Words

We live in a politically correct world, in which the media has a huge impact upon. However, in recent times, there has been an increase in attention to a certain subject, violent video games. Concerned parents influenced by the media have been trying for years to get all violent video games banned from the United States market. However, many scientists have proven that there is no correlation of violent games to violence, the media exaggerates isolated events and puts the blame for these events on violent games, and violent video games can actually have a positive effect on people of all ages. The media often suggests that violent video games have a consistent pattern with being involved in violent acts, such as school shootings, robberies, or stabbings. However many scientists disbelieve these accusations. However, many scientists and different associations disagree with these claims, and have backed their counterclaims with studies and research. The Entertainment Software Associati on (ESA) has stated that â€Å"Violent juvenile crime in the United States has been declining as violent video game popularity has increased. The arrest rate for juvenile murders has fallen 71.9% between 1995 and 2008. The arrest rate for all juvenile violent crimes has declined 49.3%. In this same period, violent video game sales have more than quadrupled.† This shows an exact opposite trend to what the media has claimed to be occurring in recent years. Also, former FBI profiler, Mary Ellen O’TooleShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games Should Be Banned Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesof violent video game become more and more advanced. The effects of media violence on video games has been increasing in people’s daily life. It is still be an issue and have a lot of debate on whether or not violent video games should be banned. In this essay, violent video games can be defined by RWJF Blog Team as those video game which represent violence as the best or only way to resolve conflict.( Pioneering ideas 2010). This essay will discussed by two reasons for violent video gameRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Not Be Banned821 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction From my opinion video games violent video games should not be banned. Today I will convince you why violent video games should not be banned. I will cover three points about risk factors, nature of the game and the studies claiming they have no link these all have things in common and they obviously will make you change your mind. First point Many Risk Factors are Associated with Youth Violence, but Video Games Have Nothing to do with it One of the main Surgeon generals has madeRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Not Be Banned1170 Words   |  5 Pages2014 Violent Video Games Should Not be Banned Violent acts committed by children seem to occur on a monthly basis. What is to blame for this trend? Many people try to find, what they would believe to be, a likely source for the violence once. Some people turn to violent video games as the reason why violent acts occur amongst children. Some would even argue, that violent video games in general should be banned. Violent video games should not be banned because they do not cause violent behaviorsRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Be Banned1089 Words   |  5 Pages1. Topic and Stance: The topic that I’m researching and debating about is the concern of whether violent video games should be banned or not, and the stance that I’m taking is that they should be banned. 2. Background Information: There have been many concerns about violent video games and whether or not it’s the source of people’s violent behavior and the recent mass shootings. There have been many instances within the past decade where there have been mass shootings, such as the Aurora movie theaterRead MoreBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pages Banning Violent Video Games A child is killing police officers. A teenager is hiring prostitutes to potentially kill them. He is using weapons such as guns, chainsaws, and knives to kill and commit horrible crimes. Thousands of children and teens participate in these actions daily. How? Violent Video games such as Doom, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto are just a few of the games that are full of these awful actions. The Harvard Mental Health Letter states, â€Å"The Pew Research Center reportedRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games are the Root Cause of Youth Aggression1157 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most popular being video games. Video games have come a long way since they were first introduced to the mainstream audience during the 1960’s and 1970’s and have drawn a large amount attraction among people of all ages and culture. However it wasn’t until the Play-station was released that violence became a concern to parents and politics. The level of violence in video games h ave been in a matter of controversy dating all the way back to the classic games like Pacman and Space InvadersRead MoreShould Violent Media Be Banned Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesShould violent media be banned? Many teenagers are now being introduced into playing or watching violent media at very young ages and society are wondering if they should be concerned about it; they are wondering whether it can cause aggressive behaviour within the children/teenagers. Violent video games and violent action films normally have age restriction son them so that children under the age of 15 or in some cases 18 cannot buy them. You see many teenagers with these games and moviesRead MoreViolent Video Games857 Words   |  4 PagesShould Violent Video Games be Banned? â€Å"Learning is a deep human need, like mating and eating, and like all such needs it is meant to be deeply pleasurable to human beings.† ― James Paul Gee, Why Video Games Are Good for Your Soul: Pleasure and Learning. Some people have controversial argument that violent video games should be banned, claiming about the content of video games can change the behavior and attitudes of the players. Since the early 2000s, advocates of video games have emphasized theirRead MoreResearch Paper on Video Game Violence1483 Words   |  6 PagesKendal Hill Mrs. Van Fleet Block 3 10 December 2011 Video games and Violent Behavior True or False: Violent videogames cause children to become more aggressive. Sorry, that was a trick question. Despite much bandying of statistics and loud talking by critics on both sides of the argument, the real answer is that there is no real answer—at least not one that’s been proved scientifically (Zipp). Video games are an appealing target for a public figure in search of a crusade. Movies and musicRead MoreViolence Satire Essay541 Words   |  3 Pagespeople being violent, but when we are asked if we are violent or if we have ever responded with violence, everyone says they are not violent. But if among ourselves we are not violent then who is it that makes our society a violent society? Television plays a big role on violence. Most of us watch television daily. And what do we see daily on television? The news, about our world surrounded by violence? Movies, that only show shootings, death, and more violence? Even cartoons are violent, like the

The Issue Of Judicial Review - 956 Words

Judicial review provides the courts with the authority to review and change laws that the government proposes that violates the Constitution. In this paper, I will discuss the issue of judicial review. More precisely, I will be focusing my argument on Jeremy Waldron’s objection to radical disagreement, which states that we cannot agree upon what our rights are, therefore we do not know which ones should be put in the charter. I will argue that Jeremy Waldron’s argument is a good objection to judicial review, because if we cannot agree upon what moral rights are, how are we going to be able to apply them to the charter. I will begin by outlining the key points in Waldron’s argument. I will then continue to outline why Waldron’s objections are strong. Finally, I will argue that radical disagreement is a strong objection to judicial review. In his book Law and Disagreement, Jeremy Waldron concentrates on the issue of â€Å"theme [of] reasonable disagreement, [and the inability that he] cannot restrain [himself] from saying that anyone who thinks a narrative like this [a charter of rights as rational pre-commitment] is appropriately modeled by the story of Ulysses and the sirens is an idiot† (Waldron 2004). In the story of Ulysses and the sirens Ulysses’ decides to be tied down to the mast of his ship, so he would not succumb to the temptations of the siren. Ulysses knows in advance that it is a good idea to restrict himself now, so he won’t face the consequences later. Just asShow MoreRelatedJudicial Review: The American Concept of Democracy671 Words   |  3 PagesRunning Head: FOR CONSISTENCY AND STABILITY Judicial Review Judicial review should remain the sole prerogative of the courts, which only a constitutional amendment can nullify or alter. Furthermore, the courts should always be guided in its exercise by judicial restraint. The American concept of democracy provides that no branch of government shall be more powerful and uncontrolled than the other branches (Lutzenberger, 2012). Judicial review is the power of the courts to oversee and preventRead MoreJudicial Review : The Supreme Court1744 Words   |  7 PagesJudicial Review is the power given to the justices of the Supreme Court in which judges have the power to decide and interpret whether a law is unconstitutional or not. Chief Justice John Marshall initiated the Supreme Court’s right to translate or interpret the constitutional law in 1803 following the case of Marbury v. Madison, which declared the Supreme Courts as the main interpreters of the constitutional law. Marbury v. Madison became one of the most significant Supreme Court decisions in URead MoreEssay on Judicial Review980 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial review was enacted as a checks and balance step when concerning the government and the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review gives the court the power to review and change laws and government acts that violate the Constitution (Huq, n.d.). Allowing the court system this power helps prevent government officials from using the Constitution to illegally use their position in making laws and regulations in the United States. The judicial review was first used in an unusualRead MoreThe Supreme Court Is The Highest Of All Courts969 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernments are acting within the law. The judicial branches authority is stated in United States Constitution Article III, which outlines the Supreme Courts appellate and original jurisdiction and congressional limitations for those accused of treason (Ushistory.org, 2015, p. 9a) However, judicial review to interpret the Constitution and strike down the actions of the legislative and executive branches is not noted in the Constitution. Instead, judicial review came about in the case of Marbury v. MadisonRead MoreEssay on The Court Case of Mar bury v. Madison and Judicial Review864 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved to be the creator of the â€Å"unprecedented† concept of Judicial Review. John Marshall, the Supreme Court Justice at the time, is lionized as a pioneer of Constitutional justice, but, in the past, was never really recognized as so. What needs to be clarified is that nothing in history is truly unprecedented, and Marbury v. Madison’s modern glorification is merely a product of years of disagreements on the validity of judicial review, fueled by court cases like Eakin v. Raub; John Marshall wasRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison854 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument in America is the Constitution. More importantly, among the three branches, the judicial branch has one of the most important jobs in the government: to check and review the laws established by the executive branch and legislative branch. Moreover, the judicial branch’s job is to interpret and apply the law in the government, but it is also the only branch with the power of Judicial Review, which the judicial branch decide whether a law or action is consistent with fundamental laws such as theRead MoreJudicial Review Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the 1800 election where Thomas Jefferson won, President John Adams proceed to fill the judicial branch with members of his own party, the Federalists. In response, Jeffersons party of the Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1800. This act created new position on the bench for Federalist judges. The Supreme Court was threatened with impeachment if they overturned the repeal (Marbury v. Madison,1803). President Adams attempted to fill these new vacancies prior to the end of his termRead MoreJudicial Review : The Constitution1168 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Review is the power of courts to determine whether or not actions by the government are valid. The courts adjudicate the constitutionality of the governmental actions under review to ensure their validity. Under judicial review, the government actions under consideration for validity are presidential orders and actions, as well as legislation by Congress. In other words, judicial review is a check on the executive and legislative branches of the government. Judicial review checks these governmentalRead MoreFairness And Legality Of The Supreme Value Of Liberty1399 Words   |  6 PagesMany democratic countries have the process of strong judicial review, which allows courts to override decisions made by a democratic government on the ground of unconstitutionality. This judicial-review process raises controversial debates abou t the legitimacy and appropriateness of the courts’ power. The aim of this dissertation is to approach this debate from the viewpoint of republicanism, which holds Neo-Roman liberty, understood as non-domination, as its paramount value. From this point of viewRead More Influences on Judicial Power Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesInfluences on Judicial Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under Article III of the Constitution the judicial branch was established, but rather implicit in proportion to the other two branches of government. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of judicial power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the federal government in regards to political immunity of judges through life tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power

Thinking Skills and Problem Solving free essay sample

If we can make timely and well-considered decisions, then we can often lead ourselves or our team to success (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). A good decision is not only influenced by the experience, efficiency and skills of the decision maker but also the adequacy and validity of the information obtained that are related to the decisions required (Abu Mansor et. al. , 1999). Decision making is the process of choosing what to do by considering the possible consequences of different choices (Von Winterfeldt Edwards, 1986; Beyth-Marom et al. 1991 as cited in Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). Although decision making seems simple, however, to ensure that the decision made is the best, it must be rational. This means the decision has to be based on facts, opinions and reasonable reasons. Systematic evaluations have to be conducted in the overall process of decision making. As such making a rational decision can be defined as a systematic process of defining problem s, evaluating decision alternatives and selecting the best alternative decisions availableand implement them. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Skills and Problem Solving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generally, decisions that are made based on facts and opinions are the best decisions (Williams, 2000). This is one of the important duties of a manager. For this paper, I will discuss the decision of my choice involved in choosing the best career that has been offered to me that is whether to choose Job A, Job B or Job C. The three jobs are analysed in terms of the SWOT analysis. The process of choosing the best job opportunity is also discussed based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to support my decision. 2. The SWOT Analysis 2. 1 Definition of SWOT SWOT stands for STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES and THREATS. This is a technique often used in a business context to allow anorganisation to identify its niche in a market. It can also be used on a personal basis to understand how best to take advantage of your abilities and gifts to become successful. SWOT analysis enables you to uncover opportunities that you may have been unaware of and helps you to prepare 3 yourself in f acing any threats or dangers that may lie ahead. SWOT analysis can be used in many different contexts but is most effective when used as a tool in a situation where there is competition from others (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira,2008). A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Internal environmental factors can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matchingone’s own resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it you are exposed to. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The following Figure 2. 1 shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan: Environmental Scan / \ Internal Analysis External Analysis /\ /\ Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats | SWOT Matrix Figure 2. 1 SWOT Analysis Framework Source :http://www. quicjmba. om/strategy/swot [2012, October 12] Strengths One own strengths refers to the resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage. Examples of such strengths include: ? ? ? ? ? ? high salary overtime payment adequate annual leave nature of the job that benefits you and also matches the knowledge qualifications that you have and also other benefits which are favourable stable job 4 Weaknesses The absence of certain strengths may be viewed a s a weakness. For example, each of the following may be considered weaknesses ? ? ? ? ? lack of medical benefit nature of the job does not really match your qualifications no allowance given lack of career advancement distance from home is very far lack of job stability In some cases, a weakness may be the flip side of a strength. Take the case in which no allowance given but then overtime can be claimed. This can actually be more beneficial as in certain cases due to the urgency of the time that the job have to be completed, more overtime is required from the employees so that the task can be completed within the time frame. Opportunities The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunities for profit and growth. Some examples of such opportunities include: ? ? ? ? an interesting job other people might not dare to take a challenging job stability of the job where the nature of the job requires a lot of travelling Threats Changes in the external environmental also may present threats to you. Some examples of such threats include: ? ? ? ? less knowledge regarding the job the distance too far from residence instability of the job no other benefits for the employee 2. 2 The Job Analysis Based on SWOT The decision making involves two steps that is first step by using the SWOT analysis for each Job A, B and C and the second step by making a rational behind the decision making that involves the analysis by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which best suits my needs. Based on the SWOT analysis and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, below is the detail analysis for Job A, Job B and Job C. Th e strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats for each job are also being discussed. Table 2. Job A Strengths Internal high salary 26 days leave Allowance included Medical benefit included Medium career advancement Threats Distance very far – 35 km Weaknesses No overtime given Not stable Slightly interesting Opportunities External Very related to qualification As shown in Table 2. 1, Job A offers a high salary, adequate annual leave of 26 days, the allowance and medical leave are also included and there is a medium chance for career advancement. The weaknesses for Job Ais that there is no overtime given, not stable and slightly interesting. The opportunity is that the job is veryrelated to the qualification. This will help the person to put into practice the knowledge and experience that has been acquired. The only threat for Job A is that the distance is very far from the residence. As such causing problem to commute to and fro work and in the long run this might not be economical as the running expenses for the transport will be very costly. 6 For the young people who have just graduated from their tertiary education, this kind of job offer is suitable as based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Job A offers great satisfaction where physiologicaland safetyneeds are concerned. In terms of money and other benefits this job offers the most and can be an excellent choice. Table 2. 2 Job B Strengths Internal medium salary 30 days leave Overtime given Job very stable Nature of job is very interesting Threats Slightly related to qualification Weaknesses No allowance given No medical Low career advancement Opportunities External Distance very near – 10 km In Table 2. 2, Job B offers a medium salary, a very satisfactory annual leave of 30 days and the overtimeis also included. The nature of the job is very interesting and very stable. The weakness for Job B is that there is no allowance and medical benefit given. The career advancement is also low. The opportunity is that the distance is near to the residence. Even though allowance is not given, the distance from the residence is very near and in the long run, savings in terms of the transport running expenses are made. The only threat for Job B is that the qualification is slightly related but due to the nature of the job which is very interesting, this will not be a problem for the person who is more mature and has undergone a few jobs. Job B offers great satisfaction for those who have been working for more than ten years since according to Maslow’s Hierarchy, their physiological and safety needs have been achieved and the two next levelsof social and esteem needs can be met if Job B is chosen. 7 Table 2. 3 Job C Strengths Internal Allowance included Medical benefit included High career advancement Weaknesses Low Salary No overtime Annual leave 24 days Nature of Job not interesting Opportunities External Slightly related to qualification Quite stable Threats Distance far – 25 km From Table 2. , the strength of Job Cis that it offers a high career advancement and besides that allowance and medical benefit are given. The weaknesses are that the salary is low, there is no overtime. The annual leave is lesser than Job A and Job B and the nature of the job is not interesting. The opportunity is that the job is slightly related to the qualification and is quite stable. This will enable the person to practic e some of the knowledge that has been acquired. The only threat for Job B is that the distance of 25 kilometer is far from the residence. For those who needed some stability in the job the offer for Job C is acceptable especially when based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the two basic needs of physiological and safety can be met. As such for those who prefers not to go from job to job, Job C can be a good choice too. Decision Making Motivation Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In making decision making, motivation is always involved. Personally, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs seem to suit this job decision making case. According to Lewis et. al. (2001), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model is the most famous model for motivation. According to the hierarchy of needs, an individual has five basic needs that is physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. Figure 2. 1 shows the five needs according to hierarchy and divided into upper level and lower level. Physiological and safety needs are lower-level needs that can be 8 2. 3 fulfilled externally while social needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs are upper-level needs that can be fulfilled internally. Refer to Table 2. 2 for a description of each of these needs. Figure 2. 2: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Source: Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern management (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Table 2. 4: Description on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern management (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall) Needs Physiological Needs Hierarchy This need exists at the lowest level of the hierarchy. Examples of this need are the need for food, water, air and sleep. Organisations can help individuals to fulfil this need by preparing sufficient income to obtain food, shelter and a comfortable working environment. People will focus on fulfilling these needs before fulfilling the needs in the following level. Safety Needs This need is related closely to acquiring a safe physical and emotional environment. Examples of this need are employment network, health insurance and retirement plans used to fulfil the safety needs of employees. Social Needs After physiological and safety needs been fulfilled, social needs will become the main source of motivation to people. This need includes desire towards frie ndship, love and the feeling of belonging. An example of social need is when an employee establishes friendship in the workplace and feels a part of the organisation. Esteem Needs The needs at this level include the needs for status and recognition. This need can be fulfilled through success. Esteem needs are fulfilled when one is given recognition and respect by other people. For example, organisations can help in fulfilling this need through promotion or providing a spacious work station to the employee. People in need of recognition want themselves to be accepted based on their abilities and want to be known as being capable and efficient. Self-actualisation Needs This need is at the highest level of the hierarchy. This need means that eople value high achievement based on their self-potential by using capability and interest to the maximum level in order to perform work in the environment. As an example, a challenging task can assist in satisfying a person towards the achievement of selfactualisation needs. According to Maslow, when a particular need has been fulfilled it will no longer motivate the behaviour of employees. For example, when an employee has gained confirmation in his work place, then a new retirement plan may become less important to him compared to the opportunity of having new friends and joining the informal group in the organisation. It is the same when the lower-level needs are not fulfilled, most people will pay attention to those particular needs. For example, an employee who is trying to fulfil the need for self-recognition by holding an important position in a particular department suddenly finds out that the department and position he is going to hold may be eliminated, hence the employee may find 10 that the chances of not being terminated in other organisations give more motivation to him compared to the offer of promotion in the previous organisation. Maslow’s model identified that individuals have different needs which can be motivated by different matters or activities. Unfortunately, this model can only provide basic guidelines to managers. Many following studies conducted found that hierarchy level differs between individuals in different culturalenvironments. The Rational of Preferred Job Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 3. 0 When faced with a problem, an effective solution to the problem can be developed by exploring the problem, establish a realistic and attainable goals, generate ideas, select ideas, implement the action plan and finally evaluate and follow up. These steps can each be broken down into smaller steps to better enable you tocarry out the problem solving process (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). We need to generate ideas to look for possiblesolutions. After doing a rational decision and gathering all the information needed by taking into account the facts, opinions and reasonable reasonsto compare the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats by using the SWOT analysis and guided by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs regarding the three jobs offered to me, the best offer that I am going to accept is Job B. After having working for the ten years, I have already acquired the physiological, safety and social needs. My motivation now based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is for the next level that is the esteem needs. Even though Job B gives medium salary, it offers good annual leave, it also gives me my need and especially with the overtime given this will definitely support my studies to further enhance my skills and qualification.. This destination for this job is also closer to home as such giving me the extra benefit of saving on my transportation, especially with the high petrol price and maintenance I am able to cut down on such high costs. I am also looking for the nature of job which is more interesting and this will directly makes the job more satisfying. With the added benefit in Job B which is stability, I do not have to worry about getting another job. From my analysis, I am sure Job B will be less stressful which is helpful for me to obtain good and excellent health and beauty. Since it is slightly related to my qualification, knowledge can be easily acquired. 11 4. 0 CONCLUSION The job analysis for Job A, Job B and Job C has been done by using the SWOT Analysis. Decision was made to choose Job B based on needs analysis specified in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I will definitely accept the offer for Job B as I believe it will give a boost to my self esteem needs that is the interesting nature of job with a satisfying annual leave of thirty (30) days, stability of the job also help to enhance my self esteem. ( 2664 words) 12

Expert Notes Gene Correction for Methods & Protocols â€Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Gene Correction for Methods and Protocols. Answer: Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a decently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs of length around 22-25 nucleotides, which participate in gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level. Lin-4 in C. elegans was the first miRNA identified, which plays significant role in the temporal control of post-embryonic development in the organism (He et al. 2005). Studies have revealed that apart from temporal control of developmental stages, miRNAs have widespread functions in various aspects of development and physiology. They usually bind to 3 Untranslated Region in mRNAs that are found to be hugely conserved over a wide range of protein-coding genes. The target recognition of miRNAs span a region of 2-7 of the nucleotide sequence, located at the 5 end (Griffiths-Jones et al. 2006). Its crucial functions demand the biogenesis of the RNAs to be strictly regulated at several levels and any dysfunction of its regulation is often associated with cancers and various neurodegenerative disorders. MiRNA genes are widespread and abundant in the genomes of various organisms and as many as 2,588 miRNA genes are found in human. Precursor miRNAs are produced by RNA polymerase II which are then processed by RNase III enzymes DORSHA and DICER in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell respectively. Various non-canonical pathways are being discovered for miRNA biogenesis. The significant role played by the miRNA in maintain the normal physiology and development of an organism has enabled scientists to use it as a diagnostic as prognostic biomarker for various cancers, heart diseases and neurological disorders. It has been widely established that miRNA act as inhibitors of protein synthesis either by translational repression or by mRNA degradation. In addition to mRNA silencing Eiring et al. in 2010 found that miRNAs can interfere with functions of regulatory proteins to affect gene transcription. Further Lytle et al. (2007) elucidated that miRNA can bind to sites on the target miRNA other th an 3 UTR such as 5 UTR binding sites. It has been stated that miRNA can also act as translation activator at certain extreme condition in the cell (Vasudevan, Tong and Steitz 2007). Deregulation in miRNA biogenesis and consequently in the levels of miRNA are related to the incidence of various diseases that include cancers, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. The role of miRNA was discovered in concern to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The regions where miR-15 and miR-16 genes are located were found to be deleted in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, indicating its potential role as a tumour suppressor (Calin et al. 2002). Other studies over the years have established that miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors in pathways that have been related to cancer prognosis. Deregulation of miRNAs can be caused by several mechanisms that influence the transcription factors controlling the biogenesis of miRNAs in a target specific manner. The mechanisms may include mutation, deletion or amplification of miRNA genes or dysregulation of transcription factors. Several lines of studies have indicated that miRNA plays a dual role in cancer metastases. It has been found to up regulate cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary other studies show that restored levels of certain miRNA in breast cancer can suppress metasta sis by overall tumour growth and decreased time of relapse. Similarly studies have shown down regulated levels of miRNA in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Autoimmune diseases like the most prevalent and chronic Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous have been associated with dysregulation of various miRNAs. The functions of miRNA in neuronal development are well-established to this date. MiRNA has been used as a biomarker for several motor and neurocognitive diseases like Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons diseases. MiRNA is also related to the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia, autism, Fragile X syndrome, depression and addiction. Hence, the regulatory roles of miRNA in pathogenesis and diagnosis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders have paved the way for therapeutic intervention in miRNA specific manner and extensive researches are being undertaken to explore the use of miRNA as a therapeutic tool. The initial barrier to utilize miRNA as a therapeutic toll is to identify the specific gene coding for miRNAs and its tiny regulators. The conserved nature of its sequences has been exploited for the purpose of gene identification for miRNAs. Sequence conservation between various organisms has led to the miRNA genes have been identified by computational methods. The detection of the miRNA targets in mRNA are another barrier for in vitro experimental purposes, although computational methods have evolved and are still developing to overcome this hurdle in large-scale experiments. The fact that levels of many miRNA are deregulated in different disease has encouraged scientists to explore the therapeutic applications of miRNA. The basic hurdle for such a feat is the delivery of miRNA to targeted regions. It has been found that naked miRNAs are degraded in vivo and hence delivery systems are required to develop therapeutic applications and restore normal levels of the molecule in diseased conditions (van Rooij, Purcell and Levin 2012). In case of neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric disorders the regions affected are primarily various parts of the brain. Currently two strategies, agonistic and antagonistic approaches are employed to modify abnormal levels of miRNA in the body. In agonistic approach the decreased miRNA levels are restored by miRNA mimics and in antagonistic approach overexpressed miRNAs are suppressed by anti-miR. As these naked molecules are prone to enzyme degradation in the body, efficient and stable delivery systems need to be developed. Several strategies have been discovered to overcome this hurdle. Initially chemical modification of miRNA molecules such a replacing the phosphodiester bonds with other functional groups were proposed, however, such modifications led to production of toxic metabolic by-products and reduced miRNA activity (Rupaimoole et al. 2011). In this regard viral vector systems are a relatively older strategy. Many viruses have been studied for this purpose such as recombinant adeno-associated virus, retrovirus and lentivirus. The selection criteria depend on various factors like specific tropoism, efficient transgene expression and effectively crossing the blood-brain-barrier (Wen 2016). The primary drawback of using a viral vector as a delivery system is the immunogenicity of the virus and oncogenic transformation by viruses. Further, production of high-quality and high-quantity viral vectors is another barrier to the pharmaceutical and commercial companies, leading to limited application of vi ral vectors. On the contrary non-viral vectors have certain advantages like lack of immunogenicity, high stability and easy modification. Recent researches have explored various non-viral vector systems for miRNA therapeutic purposes. Some of them include lipid-based carriers, gold nanoparticles, cationic polymer based carriers, carbon based carriers and magnetic nanoparticles. Gaining knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these particles and the need to produce disease specific carrier systems for long term gene expression or knockdown requires a lot of future research in this domain. Further, ethical issues regarding clinical targets is another overwhelming barrier for miRNA therapeutic applications. Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that affects the shape of the bloods cells reducing availability of functional blood cells and consequently the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. The shape of normal red blood cells is somewhat round facilitating easy passage through small blood vessels. It is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting chromosome 11. Normal haemoglobin is classified into groups A, A2 and F. In sickle cell disease an abnormal chain results in the formation of haemoglobin S in which the chain contains valine instead of glutamic acid (Bender and Seibel 2014). The abnormal haemoglobin S polymerizes resulting in deformed red blood cell shape. Retardation of blood flow, mechanical vaso-occlution, and lack of oxygen tension enhances the rate of polymerization of Hb S (Dubay, Krebs and Thresh 2015). Sickle cell disease is an example of point mutation of the - chain gene of haemoglobin. The single amino acid difference (glutamic acid to va line) results in collapse of the red blood cells, making the body to produce more red blood cells to compensate for the loss. This puts an overwhelming burden on several other organs of the body casing various clinical symptoms. Typical symptoms of the disease include pain, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, liver disease, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological disorders. The disease is predominant in African Americans and the population of middle-east. The disease can be prevented by genetic examination of couples prior to conceiving. The treatment of the disease includes primarily pain management and other pharmacological interventions and in extreme cases surgery and organ transplantations. The single point mutation found in sickle cell disease can be corrected by site specific double-strand breaks produced by the CRISPR/Cas 9 system (Chu et al. 2015). To have control over the particular sequence that has undergone a double stranded break i.e. the allele with a point mutation in the chain of haemoglobin, we can use plasmid-based systems that can recognize and but DNA at specific sites. These plasmids can be used to cut the allele in chromosome 11 that has been mutated. A high degree of homology is required to repair the damaged DNA and restore the normal form of the allele so that normal chains of Hb are produced. Three sgRNAs were constructed that can bind to the target site in the DNA. After binding, Cas9/sg RNAs will produce a double stranded break in the DNA which then will be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) which will result in inserting the correct nucleotide into the allele and restoring the mutation. Linearized plasmids are required for transfection . However, recent studies conclude those single stranded donor oligonucleotides (ssODNs) are more efficient for about 50bp mutations or single point mutations (Alam et al. 2014). The templates for ssODNs can be 100-200 bps in length with a Cas9 break point at the centre of the template. Non-homologous end joining pathways can also be used to repair a double strand break. Studies report than non-homologous end joining pathways are more efficient in inserting plasmid genome into the genome of target (Davis and Chen 2013). The pathway recruits a wide range of proteins that perform synapsis, preparation and ligation of the cut DNAs. Similar to homology directed repair mechanism CRISPR/Cas9 system can be utilized to make cuts at the desired site in the chromosome. After the cuts the broken ends can be recognised by Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer. Recruitment of kinase, ligase and other factors hold the DNA together to form a paired complex which is then ligated to repair the break (Btermier, Bertrand and Lopez 2014). Hence it can be used to insert and exogenous nucleotide by Cas9 mediated break. The plasmids that need to be designed for this purpose will contain no homologous sequence with our target gene. The donor will contain a promoter less ires-eGFP and a single sgRNA target site at 5 end of the ires-eGFP (single-cut). Any possibility of frameshift mutation due to non-homologous end joining repair was avoided by using the ires element. Non homologous end joining can be obtained by single cut vectors that cleave the DNA at a single site on the 5 end or by double cut that cleave the DNA at two different sites and then promote repair simultaneously. In general non homologous end joining repair carries a two-third chance of producing a frame shift mutation mediated by indel error. IF double cut plasmids are used to repair the gene of our interest the efficiency of knock in will have a higher probability to be reduced. Hence, for efficient correction of the mutation found in sickle cell disease single cut plasmids should be used preferably. References Alam, M.R., Thazhathveetil, A.K., Li, H. and Seidman, M.M., 2014. Preparation and Application of Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotides and Single Strand Oligonucleotide Donors for Gene Correction.Gene Correction: Methods and Protocols, pp.103-113. Bender, M.A. and Seibel, G.D., 2014. Sickle cell disease. Btermier, M., Bertrand, P. and Lopez, B.S., 2014. Is non-homologous end-joining really an inherently error-prone process?.PLoS Genet,10(1), p.e1004086 Branzei, D. and Foiani, M., 2008. Regulation of DNA repair throughout the cell cycle.Nature reviews Molecular cell biology,9(4), pp.297-308. Calin, G.A., Dumitru, C.D., Shimizu, M., Bichi, R., Zupo, S., Noch, E., Aldler, H., Rattan, S., Keating, M., Rai, K. and Rassenti, L., 2002. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,99(24), pp.15524-15529. Chu, V.T., Weber, T., Wefers, B., Wurst, W., Sander, S., Rajewsky, K. and Khn, R., 2015. Increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair for CRISPR-Cas9-induced precise gene editing in mammalian cells.Nature biotechnology,33(5), pp.543-548 Davis, A.J. and Chen, D.J., 2013. DNA double strand break repair via non-homologous end-joining.Translational cancer research,2(3), p.130 Dubay, J., Krebs, D. and Thresh, L., 2015. Sickle Cell Anemia. Eiring, A.M., Harb, J.G., Neviani, P., Garton, C., Oaks, J.J., Spizzo, R., Liu, S., Schwind, S., Santhanam, R., Hickey, C.J. and Becker, H., 2010. miR-328 functions as an RNA decoy to modulate hnRNP E2 regulation of mRNA translation in leukemic blasts.Cell,140(5), pp.652-665. Griffiths-Jones, S., Grocock, R.J., Van Dongen, S., Bateman, A. and Enright, A.J., 2006. miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature.Nucleic acids research,34(suppl 1), pp.D140-D144. He, L., Thomson, J.M., Hemann, M.T., Hernando-Monge, E., Mu, D., Goodson, S., Powers, S., Cordon-Cardo, C., Lowe, S.W., Hannon, G.J. and Hammond, S.M., 2005. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene.Nature,435(7043), pp.828-833. Hsu, P.D., Lander, E.S. and Zhang, F., 2014. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.Cell,157(6), pp.1262-1278. Lytle, J.R., Yario, T.A. and Steitz, J.A., 2007. Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5 UTR as in the 3 UTR.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(23), pp.9667-9672. Nicoloso, M.S., Spizzo, R., Shimizu, M., Rossi, S. and Calin, G.A., 2009. MicroRNAsthe micro steering wheel of tumour metastases.Nature Reviews Cancer,9(4), pp.293-302. Rupaimoole, R., Han, H.D., Lopez-Berestein, G. and Sood, A.K., 2011. MicroRNA therapeutics: principles, expectations, and challenges.Chinese journal of cancer,30(6), p.368. van Rooij, E., Purcell, A.L. and Levin, A.A., 2012. Developing microRNA therapeutics.Circulation research,110(3), pp.496-507. Vasudevan, S., Tong, Y. and Steitz, J.A., 2007. Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation.Science,318(5858), pp.1931-1934. Wen, M.M., 2016. Getting miRNA Therapeutics into the Target Cells for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Mini-Review.Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience,9, p.129. Yourgenome.org. (2016). What is sickle cell anaemia?. [online] Available at: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-sickle-cell-anaemia [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016].

The Economic Analysis of the United States

How to Write a Business Report with Skill and Ease

How to Write a Business Report with Skill and Ease Dorothy Park once said, "I hate writing. I love having written." You might feel the same way, but unfortunately, you can't get one without doing the other. The pressure is even higher if you're writing a business report. The deadline is tight, facts and figures need to be found and checked, and everything has to fit into a format that helps your reader understand complex information easily. And, decisions will be made based on this business report. It's enough to make you scratch your head wondering where to start. Here is the secret: focus on planning thoroughly before you start writing. In our report writing course, we emphasize that 50% of the work of a business report focuses on planning. If you're not sure how to write a business report, follow these important steps and the process will be easier, faster, and more successful. Organize Your Thoughts Most business reports involve a combination of past developments, upcoming trends, and predictions and recommendations. But the information you present has to have a logical sequence that makes it easier for readers to follow. A typical business report starts with a main theme, followed by a series of insights to support it, and ends with a conclusion. Many reports will also include an executive summary, a series of recommendations or next steps, and maybe a list of key takeaways and highlights. The best way to start your report is to outline or concept map how you want to present the information. If you already know the theme, gather the facts that supports it and list it in order of importance, and tier supporting information. Or maybe you have the information you need, but don't know how to assemble it. In either case, people who know how to write a business report know that organization is the first step to writing. Do Your Research Business Writers who already have much knowledge or data are lucky - they've shortened their research time considerably. But, most writers are responsible for finding their own facts and analyzing them. In a business report, never start with an assumption. A business report needs to be based entirely upon the facts, findings and data - not a preconceived expectation or recommendation. Research always drives findings. The more sources to choose from, the better. Company documents can provide information about corporate activities, while industry research is a great source for information on the trends and challenges expected to impact your company and its competitors. Online publications and other sources can provide insight on how certain world events will impact the business climate. The more information you have, the easier it is to create a narrative for your business report. Don't forget to cite your sources; readers want to know where this important data came from and it lends credibility to your work. Use Clear, Simple Language Those who know how to write a business report know that the best explanation is a clear and simple one. Beginning writers tend to use jargon, long words, and complex sentences to make their point. In the end, their readers get bored, and their point gets lost. Your goal is to explain the business climate and opportunity, not win a poetry contest. Business writing is about presenting straightforward facts, so use straightforward language: Use simple words and phrases. If readers have to use a thesaurus to understand you, they won't keep reading. Avoid jargon from your company. Not everyone is an insider, but they still need to understand your concepts. Break up your text into smaller sentences and paragraphs. Frequent pauses keep readers interested. Use headers and subheaders to organize the text by main ideas. The outline or concept map you created in Step 1 is a good starting point. It's okay if you don't yet know how to write a business report - everyone has to start somewhere. But before you start, take time to think about what you want to say and find a clear, organized way to say it. If business report writing is a job requirement, consider a business report writing course.

MC DONALDS ADVENTURE IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY Essay

MC DONALDS ADVENTURE IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY - Essay Example anged but as the hotel was under the umbrella of McDonalds, therefore it is quite expected that the brand image will be the same as that of the McDonalds. It refers that the brand should be associated with cleanliness, hospitability and convenience but the fact was that the hotel management was unable to satisfy the expectations of the customers. Golden Arch should prepare different marketing missions and should promote those accordingly. Therefore, it can be concluded that Golden Arch did not have much success in the branding strategy. After deciding about the diversification of the business, McDonalds had entered into the markets of Switzerland with the hotel business. The pros and cons of this entry strategy can be analyzed as below. Pros: Switzerland is an attractive tourist destination and most targeted place for the hotel business. The country is economically sound and possesses a stable political background. The city that has been chosen for operating the hotel business is the political capital of Switzerland which comprises of 35 million populations. Also, 10 years ago there was not as much competition prevalent like today and therefore it was a good decision. Cons: McDonalds needed to have a market analysis before entering into the hotel industry in Switzerland. The related industries such as travel and construction should also be evaluated. Due to the booming construction industry, four and five star hotel can be built quickly. Another important aspect is the availability of the human resource. Switzerland ranks number two with respect to the productivity of the labor sources but there the availability of cooks and chefs are inadequate and that had definitely interrupted the flow of the work. From the above analysis it can be said that the entry strategy was not bad at that point of time but with the passage of time, scenario has changed as competition has increased and Golden Arch needs to strategize accordingly. Strategy was not the issue, rather

Fortune 500 CEO of Boeing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fortune 500 CEO of Boeing - Term Paper Example As stated in the ‘executive biographies’, The honors and recognition he received include John W. Dixon Award (2011) from the Association of the U.S. Army, Turning Point Award (2012) from the U.S. Army War College Foundation, Semper Fidelis Award (2012) from the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation, and National Management Association's Executive of the Year (2008). McNerney has been a big success as a strategic leader throughout his extensive career. The key aspect of his strategic leadership is the emphasis he gives to the growth of others. Unlike many other entrepreneurs, Jim gives more importance to his crew than the company’s strategy or product. He disclosed this strategy to Fortune's Geoffrey Colvin; â€Å"I start with people's growth because I believe that if the people who are running and participating in a company grow, then the company's growth will in many respects take care of itself† (Colvin). Another unique quality of this strategic leader is t hat he seldom fears change but enjoys it. Admittedly, in the current global market, the Boeing Company has numerous potential opportunities. ... This situation offers potential opportunities to the Boeing Company and its leader. The firm has a strong global network and it assists the company to spread its elements of risk. This strength also benefits McNerney to easily raise adequate resources whenever necessary. An efficient research and development department would be helpful for the organization to vie with its market rivals. Similarly, the Boeing Company and its leader face some potential challenges too. Firstly, the increasing price of titanium and aluminum is likely to threaten the market position of the organization. Referring to the law of demand, the demand for Boeing aircrafts may decline if their price increases. Hence, the company may struggle to maintain its market dominance. In addition, intense competition in the industry also affects the competitiveness of the firm. The growing competition can be a tough test for McNerney’s leadership and a major challenge to the company’s future. The company has been increasingly depending on the US government contracts. This over reliance might adversely affect the firm’s viability if the federal government terminated the contracts with the Boeing Company for some reasons. Finally, the US government has recently introduced some strict regulations on the purchase of military equipments. This change also may affect the business operations of the Boeing Company. Some major steps taken by McNerney at 3M include changes in research and development activities. Those steps gave specific focus to customer orientation. Since then the company has been focusing more on the growing Chinese market. Some changes, including strict financial control were termed

Protecting Young Children's Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protecting Young Children's Welfare - Essay Example Although there is no indication that she has any health problem (in other words, nothing is revealed about her health status). Sarah will have the problem enjoying her studies based on her inability to sustain her interest in a person (her mother or friends) for a longer period of time (Weis 221). And Sarah’s mother seems to be clueless about how to successfully handle the situation. Though this does not necessarily mean that the child is in dire need of protection outside her home, periodical visits of social workers could help her mother understand what her daughter needs (Rowe 25). Sarah’s mother is also have been affected by her sudden break from her husband, which may have weighed heavily on her psychological power to control her emotion and help her daughter overcome her own psychological stress. Theoretically, the absence of her father may be partly responsible for Sarah’s unfriendly disposition to people, friends or relatives she doesn’t like (Emer y 163). My first actions as a practitioner: As an early childhood practitioner, it would amount to mere speculations if I should make my decision without first of all undergo the assessment of Sarah’s behavior. Therefore, the first step is to closely and carefully monitor Sarah for revelations of any strange manners or symptoms that could show that she may have been suffering from psychological/mental, social and physical abuse by her depressed mother (Carr 202). With reference to National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSPCC, a multi-professional approach is needed to offer believable consultation and assessment of any child in need. This modality will produce well-rounded assessment using professionals from the educational, social and health fields to monitor Sarah and document their findings to help map out the best strategy required to solve the girl’s problems (NSPCC 3-25).

Language Very Important Part Of Everyday Life English Language Essay

Language Very Important Part Of Everyday Life English Language Essay Language is a very important part of everyday life. It is used to communicate in every aspect. Emails, conversations, signs and symbols, are just a few examples of our way of communicating with others, and without language this would not be possible. By definition language is, a body of words, symbols, signs, sounds, gestures, and the systems for their use common to people who are of the same community, nation or same cultural tradition (dictionary.com). Language is not just the way a person talks, there is a lot more to it than that. A person who is deaf does not use the oral aspect of language; they use signs and gestures that were developed for such purpose, called sign language. Other known gestures that are not always verbally expressed and are part of a more vulgar and offensive language that most people nationwide recognize such as the use of the middle finger. Written language, another form of non verbal communication, has been used for centuries. Some of the earliest uses of the written language were hieroglyphics, scrolls, engravings in stone, and many others. Throughout history the written language has enhanced and became our second most used way of communication. Another form of language that many do not think of is using our sense of hearing. People have been trained in their minds to know what people in different situations are communicating, whether it a cry of pain, sobs from someone in tears, or the honk! from the road ragers. Each sense plays its own role in language which will be explained further at a later time. Symbols are a part of our everyday life and also another part of language. Language is a very broad and not fully understood word that is necessary in everyday life. How? In this reading language will be broken down so that one may understand what language is, how is used in this nation, and furthermore how it is used universally. Language is more than just a means of communication (ONeil). Language is used all over the world every day. Language derives its meaning from culture, every culture is embodied in the language it speaks. Every language is rooted in the culture that speaks it (Universal Language). Language is used in every culture, and enrooted in the regions where someone lives, but that does not change how language is used. Language can be taken back to the beginning of time. Symbols in caves, which have been found, photographed and interpreted; scrolls found from the earliest teachings, to the stone engravings, the use of language began way before those who are living now. Without language, learning would not be possible. As we get older we use every source of language there is. When we learn to talk, read, write, drive, basically everything we learn to do is learning another form of language. As a student you explore the cultures, communities, people and languages of the world (Ziegler). In school children are introduced to multilanguages. Every culture, nation, and community has its own language. They may write differently, speak differently, and have different means of learning; however the use of language still remains unchanged (Ziegler). Language is used in the workplace, to communicate sales, used in every aspect of customer services, by contractors and construction workers, janitors, politics; basically every corner of a persons job has language involved. Language is also used in lifes rituals. In the car ride to work, one must use language skills to read signs, to drive a car, those using a GPS, and to communicate with other passengers. And also used when having a phone conversation, when reading a book or recipes, when talking to family and friends, and when using our senses to know what is going on around us. Our senses play a very important role in knowing language. Our sense of sight allows us to read the written language. Our sense of hearing allows us to hear t he words one is trying to communicate and to hear the sounds around us that are also communicating what is going on in our surroundings. Our sense of touch allows us to communicate when something is hot or cold, sharp or dull; our sense of touch communicates with our brain even during the most intimate touches. Our sense of taste is another form of language our body communicates with our brain. Lastly is our sense of smell. Smell is very important, one example is when there is a fire; the smell communicates with our brain, which causes a chain reaction, once our brain gets the signal from the smell, we then call emergency services, and so on. Every aspect of our lives is a form of language. And furthermore it is a very important part of the function of this nation. In the United States, language plays a big role in government. We are given the rights to free speech, which is our right to communicate verbally. We are given freedom of press, which gives us the freedom to the written language. We have relied on these freedoms based on the written words that have given us these rights which are exercising the written language. Along with the written language, during the birth of the USA, government set language guidelines for the immigrants who wished to live in this country in hopes to develop a national language. When one wished to move to this country they were first registered at Ellis Island, and then they were required to learn to speak English in order to become a citizen. The national language was in full swing, until the amount of immigrants coming in became hard to track. There is no national language currently set. Although English is technically the main language, Spanish is our secondary and so on. The USA has become such a diverse nat ion; there are several languages that are becoming more and more used. Telemarketers, billing centers, government agencies, etc. all have the Spanish option when beginning your phone call. This is where multi-languages come in, and the attempt at universal language. A universal language by definition is, any kind of expression that is used and understood everywhere (Dictionary.com). A universal language is essential in todays world. Modern communication and transport accelerate mass migrations from one continent to another (Schlesinger). Due to the high amount of travelling that is done worldwide, a universal language is a must. Many companies have already developed a universal language using logos that will be recognized everywhere. Universal language is a visual and picture language, which will fill the need (Universal Language). That is exactly what companies like McDonalds have done. When travelling to China, France, Israel, wherever one travels they will always recognize the golden arches. Pepsi, Coke, Nike, Lincoln, the Olympic Rings, all are symbols (pictures) that are recognized in every culture and nation. According Pei, the universal language is intended to bring people of different linguistic backgrounds together and form communicatio n among them to reduce the amount of misunderstandings (Pei). This however is yet to be developed though many have tried it is yet to come about.

The Breast Cancer Information Gap :: essays research papers

This article is about the risks of breast implants and breast cancer. The author believes that people making decisions to have breast reconstruction need to be well informed before they make the choice. The risks of breast implants include pain, breakage, leakage, and links to many other diseases. There are two types of breast implants. There are saline and silicone. Both of them have outer silicone shells but one is filled with saline and the other silicone. The FDA didn't look at the hazards of breast implants until 1991. They realized that leakage of silicone could be harmful and insisted on restricting the use of silicone implants. In 1999, there were versions of saline implants that were approved by the FDA to be "safe" Silicone breast implants are said to feel more natural, yet the saline implants are safer in case of rupture. It is not really known that saline implants have their fair share of risks. Seventy percent of patients will experience at least one of the fol lowing four problems: pain, hardness, infection, or rupture within the first 3 years of the surgery. The most common problem is Capsular Contracture. This occurs in thirty-five percent of women who get either saline or silicone implants. In a Capsular Contracture the scar tissue tightens around the implant causing the breast to be hard, misshapen, and painful. All breast implants are going to eventually break anytime between three months and ten-fifteen years. Twenty-five percent of women with implants have them removed within three years following the surgery due to leakage or breakage. When a saline implant breaks, the saline leaks out really fast. The saline is absorbed by the body and the deflated implant will need to be surgically removed. On the other hand, when a silicone implant ruptures it is a bit more of a mess. Silicone tends to be sticky, so it can be hard to impossible to completely remove all of it. When an implant breaks, there could be pain, bumps, tenderness, tingling, and even numbness in her breasts. Sometimes, there can be what is called "silent rupture" where the gel slowly migrates to other parts of the body.

Lee Chong Wei

The Elite Bloggerz The Blog of Form 3 Elite 2012, SMK Tunku Sulong Home About Us New Project Our Sponsor LEE CHONG WEI One of the most prominent personality in Malaysia that I admire is Datuk Lee Chong Wei. He had brought honor to Malaysia. Datuk Lee Chong Wei was born on 21 october 19m2 in Pulau Pinang. He studied at Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina Jit Sin,Bukit Mertajam. Later ,he continued his study at Sekolah Menengah Sungai Way. In His early years,Lee Chong Wei favoured basketball. However his mother soon banned him from that activity due to scanning heat of the outdoor basketball court.Lee Chong Wei began to learn badminton at the age of 11 when his father brought him to the badminton hall. After he had attended the attention of the badminton couch,the couch began to train him. After doing discovered by Misbun Sidek ,he was drafted into the National Squad. He won the silver medal in the 2008 olimpic games and become the first Malaysia to reach the final of the men’s singles event and ending Malaysia’s olimpic medal drought since 1996. This achieviement also earned him the titlt Datuk. As a single player,Lee Chong Wei was randked first world wide on 21 august 2008.He is the third Malaysia’s men’s single shutler after Rashid Sidek and Rosli Hashim to achieve such a ranking and is the only Malaysia’s shutler to hold the ranking for more then ten weeks. In 2011 year,he won many matches such as Malaysia open,Korea open,England open,India open,Sudirman Cup and Indonesia open. He was praised by prime minister Najib Tun Razak after this triumph in All England Open. He was hinted he could retire following the 2012 olimpic. 8 Share this: Email Print Facebook3 Twitter1 # 19/04/2012, 12:32 pm The Essays Tags: izzat | muhdhanif | suthanon | Thanasak 0 Comments adjective that describe fikry Adjective that describe Hanif  » †¢RSS Meta Log in Entries RSS Comments RSS WordPress. org Archives Select Month October 2012 (12) Jul y 2012 (4) May 2012 (1) April 2012 (5) March 2012 (8) February 2012 (14) January 2012 (3) December 2011 (1) November 2011 (2) October 2011 (7) September 2011 (11) August 2011 (13) July 2011 (27) June 2011 (6) May 2011 (6) April 2011 (5) March 2011 (7) February 2011 (1) January 2011 (31) December 2010 (7) November 2010 (8) October 2010 (21) September 2010 (2) April 2010 (1) March 2010 (8) Tags mila amira amirul Amsyar archri atiyya boon suang chin joo dayana faiz farhan fathini fatihah fatin fikry fizah hamizatul izzat jia wen mimi Miss N Mrs. A Muhd Hanif muhdhanif nabihah najwa nurulnajwa pirdaus qinwei rizal suthanon syahanis syaqari syareena syifaa teacherz Thanasak yi min Recent Comments barney kid on An interesting event in The Railway Children(Discuss Version) ummiey on exams are bad,bad things!!!! laxes on An interesting event in The Railway Children(Discuss Version) suthanon on The Railway Children_An Importang Event NINA on The Black Beauty Notes Recent Posts Nice Day !!! w hat? PMR is over ? waiting our trip to Pinang Lee Chong Wei Why winning / being no 1 in the world are so important? To be ranked world number one for a long time is a remarkable achievement for a badminton player, especially from Malaysia. This is because the competition in the world of badminton is great enough, not to mention the presence of the players form the powerhouse of world badminton, China, as well as the players from the European continent that often presents a tough challenge to Lee Chong Wei.Lee Chong Wei, who is known for his high fighting spirit, morale and commitment to the sport deserves to be in the world's top ranking, despite never be successful in the Olympics, but Lee Chong Wei is deemed to be the best player ever born by Malaysia in the badminton world. The victory achieved by Chong Wei in international badminton tournaments thus enhancing Malaysia to the eye of the world. Badminton is one of the major sports in the world with a total professional and social players reached billion, and, of course badminton received wi de coverage in the media.In fact, the coverage is not limited in countries like Malaysia, China, Indonesia and Denmark but also covers 169 countries under the auspices of a combination of the main body of world badminton, Badminton World Federation, BWF. The frequently that Chong Wei won major world's tournaments makes the name of Malaysia itself is synonymous with badminton, despite the fact that in parts of the world, many people still do not know in detail the geographical, political and cultural landscape of Malaysia itself. But at least they know Malaysia has a badminton champion named Lee Chong Wei. Lee Chong Wei The Elite Bloggerz The Blog of Form 3 Elite 2012, SMK Tunku Sulong Home About Us New Project Our Sponsor LEE CHONG WEI One of the most prominent personality in Malaysia that I admire is Datuk Lee Chong Wei. He had brought honor to Malaysia. Datuk Lee Chong Wei was born on 21 october 19m2 in Pulau Pinang. He studied at Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina Jit Sin,Bukit Mertajam. Later ,he continued his study at Sekolah Menengah Sungai Way. In His early years,Lee Chong Wei favoured basketball. However his mother soon banned him from that activity due to scanning heat of the outdoor basketball court.Lee Chong Wei began to learn badminton at the age of 11 when his father brought him to the badminton hall. After he had attended the attention of the badminton couch,the couch began to train him. After doing discovered by Misbun Sidek ,he was drafted into the National Squad. He won the silver medal in the 2008 olimpic games and become the first Malaysia to reach the final of the men’s singles event and ending Malaysia’s olimpic medal drought since 1996. This achieviement also earned him the titlt Datuk. As a single player,Lee Chong Wei was randked first world wide on 21 august 2008.He is the third Malaysia’s men’s single shutler after Rashid Sidek and Rosli Hashim to achieve such a ranking and is the only Malaysia’s shutler to hold the ranking for more then ten weeks. In 2011 year,he won many matches such as Malaysia open,Korea open,England open,India open,Sudirman Cup and Indonesia open. He was praised by prime minister Najib Tun Razak after this triumph in All England Open. He was hinted he could retire following the 2012 olimpic. 8 Share this: Email Print Facebook3 Twitter1 # 19/04/2012, 12:32 pm The Essays Tags: izzat | muhdhanif | suthanon | Thanasak 0 Comments adjective that describe fikry Adjective that describe Hanif  » †¢RSS Meta Log in Entries RSS Comments RSS WordPress. org Archives Select Month October 2012 (12) Jul y 2012 (4) May 2012 (1) April 2012 (5) March 2012 (8) February 2012 (14) January 2012 (3) December 2011 (1) November 2011 (2) October 2011 (7) September 2011 (11) August 2011 (13) July 2011 (27) June 2011 (6) May 2011 (6) April 2011 (5) March 2011 (7) February 2011 (1) January 2011 (31) December 2010 (7) November 2010 (8) October 2010 (21) September 2010 (2) April 2010 (1) March 2010 (8) Tags mila amira amirul Amsyar archri atiyya boon suang chin joo dayana faiz farhan fathini fatihah fatin fikry fizah hamizatul izzat jia wen mimi Miss N Mrs. A Muhd Hanif muhdhanif nabihah najwa nurulnajwa pirdaus qinwei rizal suthanon syahanis syaqari syareena syifaa teacherz Thanasak yi min Recent Comments barney kid on An interesting event in The Railway Children(Discuss Version) ummiey on exams are bad,bad things!!!! laxes on An interesting event in The Railway Children(Discuss Version) suthanon on The Railway Children_An Importang Event NINA on The Black Beauty Notes Recent Posts Nice Day !!! w hat? PMR is over ? waiting our trip to Pinang

Sounds of Glory essays

Sounds of Glory essays The 1957 film Paths Of Glory can be hailed as a cinematic stunning success because of director Stanley Kubricks unconventional use of sound aesthetics. He has a remarkably collective use of natural sound, music, and sound effects in this semi-fictional pacifist picture. The ambient sound that is profoundly evident throughout the film adds dimension to the otherwise generic combat atmosphere. The minimal use of music gives the audience an intense effect of continuous realism and sincere feeling of drama and stimulation. The authenticity in the film is achieved through sound effects that use superior sound perspective and presence. Kubricks density and astute knowledge of sound is apparent and reflected in his film Paths of Glory. Ambient sound is a significant aspect in this film. In many scenes where most directors would plug the negative with disproportionate use of music or soundtrack, Kubrick lets the ordinary illustrate through. In a scene where Commander General George Broulard (played by Adolphe Menjou), and General Paul Mireau (played by George Macready) this natural sound is prevalent. Scheming with restrained and influential urgings they interlace around each other in the lavish room of the chateau, the Generals influence echoes off the towering ceiling, as he urges himself into a seemingly impossible mission. The men danced around continuously, allowing the audience to hear the footsteps of the placid officers. Viewing this scene allows the audience to become a part of the action and hatred that is bonding the two together. Audience members no longer feel as a bystander but as an intricate part of the scene. The Sound perspective of sound effects is such an intricate part of the movie and only magnifies the atmosphere and emotion. Kubrick gives absolute perspective in not only battle scenes but in the entirety of the film. A great example this use is in a scene where guard soldiers draw ...

Todays Society Should Move toward Adopting Vegetarian Diet Arguments For

Todays Society Should Move toward Adopting Vegetarian Diet Arguments For Nowadays, people try to find out as many safe ways to protect their health as possible: constant physical trainings, qualified medical services, and less harmful environment are taken into consideration. Still, not all people are aware of how their eating processes may influence their health as well as relations with each other. This is why more attention is recently paid to the ideas of vegetarianism and its positive effects on human life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Today’s Society Should Move toward Adopting Vegetarian Diet: Arguments For specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though not all people are eager to move toward adopting a vegetarian diet, there are still a number of supporters who want to take a step and improve personal health by means of appropriate diets. Many people from different countries truly believe that their chosen diets are good ways to improve their lives, and it is very important to provide them with information in order to decrease the number of failures and clearly define the expectations. While some people would consider vegetarian diets do not have a positive impact on human life and human health in particular, it is seems to be interesting to admit that vegetarianism is a powerful means to promote safer environment, improve personal health, and support ethical ideas which are inherent to people’s relations with nature, animals, and other people around. One of the most evident reasons of why vegetarian diets are characterized by positive impacts on human life is all about the environmental conditions under which people have to live. Several investigations prove that â€Å"from an environmental perspective, what a person chooses to eat make sense† (Marlow et al. 2009, p. 16995), this is why the attention to the diet may considerably predetermine the quality of human life. Moreover, the less animals are eaten by humans on a daily basis, the more animals may be used to fertilize the land and facilitate the increases of agricultural outputs. In addition to the support of the chosen diet, â€Å"Lord Stern of Brentford, former adviser to the government on the economics of climate change, said people will have to consider turning vegetarian to help reduce global carbon emissions† (Batty Adam 2009, para. 2). While it is hard for many people to reduce the necessity of eat meat-based products and to increase the use of vegetables and other vegetarian products, however, there is a necessity â€Å"to reconsider the increasing demand for an animal-based diet† (Marlow et al. 2009, p. 17032) in accordance to which people are the only responsible figures for the ways of how animals and plants may be used in everyday life. It is evident that today’s society has to take as many effective steps as possible and adopt a vegetarian diet in order to promote better environment and protect future generations in some way.Adv ertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To further support the idea of vegetarian diets and identify its positive aspect, it is necessary pay more attention to the ways of how this type of diet may influence human health. It is proved that â€Å"the vegetarians live longer and also have an impressively lower incidence of heart disease and a significantly lower rate of cancer than meat-eating† people (Moritz 2007, p. 166). Moreover, the statistics shows the numbers by means of which it is evident that people who do not eat animal products save their hearts: cardiovascular disease may be developed due to fat and cholesterol that is observed in meat and dairy. In spite of the facts offered, the vast majority of nations, and the Americans take the leading positions in such lists, cannot refuse the desire to eat at fast-food restaurants like McDonalds because they accept such style of life as an integral part, and it is impossible to destroy their interests and preferences even if their health is under consideration. While it seems to be possible to change the traditions and invent something less harmful to protect human health: more attention should be paid to the components of everyday food and more investigations on which alternatives may be used are required; however, it is not right to neglect personal health just in order to be a devoted fan of national traditions. â€Å"What we eat is very important for our health† (Mortiz 2007, p. 166), and if vegetarian diets may improve human health, it is obligatory to use this chance and adopt such diets. Finally, the positive aspect of adopting a vegetarian diet may be regarded from a pure ethical point of view: humans find it appropriate to befriend with pets and enjoy the time spend with animals. When a person makes a decision to develop the relations with another human being, it is very important to try to follow a number of principles and rules with the help of which good relations are developed. Pity, desire to help, devotion, and many other aspects are connected to the relations which are possible to be developed between animals and people, and it is wrong to support the idea of relations and at to eat meat of animals the same time. While many people admit that they do not eat dogs or cats as they befriend with them, and it does not seem to be a kind of sin or wrong action to eat meat products and have pets. However, eating animal meat is still a kind of betrayal from human side, this is why to develop really good relations with animals and be a good friend, there is a need to refuse animal meat and to adopt the idea of vegetarianism. And society has to adopt this point as soon as possible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Today’s Society Should Move toward Adopting Vegetarian Diet: Arguments For specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Although the idea of vegetarianism is not a new one in today’s society, there are many people who do not find it necessary to refuse the use of animal meat. However, adopting vegetarian diets has a number of positive aspects which have to be considered by people. Vegetarianism is not only about the relationships between animals and people. The ideas of vegetarian diets have much more serious grounds: human health depends on the food used by people and even environment may be considerably improved in case people re-evaluate their food preferences. There are always some ideas and innovations which help to change this life and improve the conditions under which people have to live, and vegetarianism should be considered as one of such brilliant attempts made by people. In general, there are many reasons of why vegetarian diets have to be adopted by today’s society due to the positivism of its effects; and in spite of the fact that some peopl e are not ready to understand how urgent the use of vegetarian food and neglecting of animal meat for a human life could be. Reference List Batty, D. Adam, D. 2009, ‘Vegetarian diet is better for the planet, says Lord Stern’, The Guardian. Web. Marlow, H.J., Hayes, W.K., Soret, W., Carters, R.L., Schwab, E.R., Sabate, L. 2009, ‘Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter?’, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 16995 – 17035. Mortiz, A. 2007, Timeless Secrets of Health and Rejuvenation. Ener-Chi Art, Minneapolis.

Johann Sebastian Bach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johann Sebastian Bach - Essay Example Bach struggled to secure his position at Arnstadt, after that he moved to St. Blasius in Mhlhausen from where he obtained organistship. Bach ws universally acclaimed for his keyboard performance. He served as Hofkonzertmeister to the duke of Weimar, where his job responsibility the composition of sacred music, "the great cantata, Ich hatte viel Bekmmerniss, was probably the first work of his new office". Bach was also appointed as "Kapellmeister to the duke of Cthen". During this period he initiated his work on "book of the Wohltemperirtes Klavier, the solo violin and violoncello sonatas, the Brandenburg concertos". Bach was deeply inspired by Handel, he therefore made "copy of his Passion nach Brockes". Bach developed the finest Passion and Der Tod Jesu which were revealed after his death, it was Bach who transformed Brockes. The major achievements of Back include "the Passion according to St. Matthew and the B Minor Mass". The importance of Bach in the history of music can never be ignored or avoided. His role can never be regarded as oil-fashioned, "a true composer the effect on the history of music was immediate and profound". ... Cultural, Religious and Philosophical Aspect of Bach: Detail Analysis The St. Matthew by Bach is considered "the most monumental Passion ever composed". It was written in 1729, the master piece was written with the support of C.F. Henrici. The historians have commented that there is deep background behind this music, and the music has political and cultural aspects attach to it. As per record, "there are four Passions based on the particular Evangelist: John, Luke, Matthew, or Mark". At the time when Bach composed St. Matthew, it was regarded as "being one of the greatest sacred choral works ever composed", it has been also regarded as "the greatest classical composition in the entire field". As per musicians, Bach has used "double chorus and orchestra which are integral parts of the work's architecture and enhances its majestic nature". As per historians, on weekly basis "a Passion was performed in one of Leipzig's two principal churches, St., Thomas and St. Nicholas". It is realised that "Bach probably faced no harder task among his duties as Thomask antor and music director of the city of Leipzig than the preparation of the yearly Passion music". In 1739, the music developed by Bach received criticism from the town council, however Bach hold clerk and informed them that he was not worried and "did not care, for got nothing out of it anyway, and it was only a burden". It is on record that the composer "spoke as a man embittered by numerous and protracted disputes with the Leipzig authorities". It is acknowledged that "the challenges involved in the creation of a Passion seem to have engaged him keenly". As per historians, Bach had

Executive Compensation Schemes in Corporate Governance Research Paper

Executive Compensation Schemes in Corporate Governance - Research Paper Example The HR specialist has a difficult task of fixing wages and wage differentials acceptable to an employee and their leaders. Executive remuneration has assumed considerable importance in recent years. Salaries and perks paid to highest decision-makers in organizations are skyrocketing, and this sudden spurt in managerial remuneration was the result of economic deregulation and the consequent entry of MNC's into the various regions. The expectancy model has its roots in the cognitive, concept of pioneer psychologists Kurt Lenin and Edward Tolman. However, the first to formulate an expectancy theory, directly aimed at work motivation, was Victor H. Vroom. Expectancy theory is based on the idea that work effort is directed towards behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes. Despite its general appeal, the expectancy model has some problems. It is important to discover what kinds of behavior the model explains and to which situation it does not very well apply. Contrary to the assumption of the expectancy theory the individuals make decisions consciously; there are numerous instances, where decisions are made with no conscious thought. It is complex, and thus its validity is difficult to test in its entirety. Limitations apart the expectancy model is useful in as much as it serves as a heuristics decision tool to guide managers in dealing with the complexity of motivation in organizations. Motivat ion principles such as encouraging employees' performance and matching rewards to performance can be drawn from the theory. These principles can be used to guide managers in designing organizational rewards, work systems, Management by objectives, and goal setting.

Presuade Your Employer You Deserve A Raise Essay

Presuade Your Employer You Deserve A Raise - Essay Example I believe that I have been exceptional in all that time that I have served the organization till now. I know that I have not given a full year to the organization but whatever, I have given is worth praise. There are people who work to earn a living. There are those who work to keep themselves occupied. There are also those who work to achieve a sense of fulfillment and those who work for a multiple combinations of the three reasons mentioned above. I work because I am passionate about what I do. It is not surprising then, to see that in a short span of a little under a year, I have achieved more than what you could have expected and have delivered on all fronts. When I joined the organization, I was completely new to the concept of the retail industry. However, in a small amount of time, I have achieved what was not possible for other people. I was given a higher position keeping the fact aside that I was not an experienced person. I appreciate the step taken by the organization in terms of my upgrade. However, I was also looking towards a raise in my pay. I do not think you can deny the fact that the consumer appliances segment of our store has been extremely well organized and my peers appreciate my contribution to the changes that I had suggested – and which have been implemented – in the way we track our inventory. I think the suggestions were a function of the time I had spent at the store and also my ability to innovate. Using the new inventory tracking process, our suppliers can be requested for replenishing the stock before a particular item gets completely depleted. You might like to believe that inventory management is not a central issue for a retail store, but I would request you to walk down to any of the other consumer electronics stores across the mall. You would observe two things: Another critical factor that I would like to draw your attention to is that I have developed my own set of regular clientele

How to save the world from pollution Essay Example for Free

How to save the world from pollution Essay PART – A ( 2 Marks) 1. Define hardness of water. 2. Distinguish between carbonate hardness and noncarbonate hardness. 3. Draw the structure of EDTA. What happens when EDTA is added to hard water? 4. Define alkalinity. 5. Why is water softened before using in boiler? 6. What is meant by priming and foaming? How can they be prevented? 7. What is meant by caustic embrittlement? How is it prevented? 8. Indicate the reasons for boiler corrosion. 9. What is the role of phosphates in the internal treatment of water? 10. What is calgon conditioning? How is it functioning in water treatment? 11. Mention requisites of potable water. 12. Write briefly on disinfection of water by UV treatment. 13. Write the principle involved in the desalination of water by reverse osmosis. 14. Define the term break-point chlorination. 15. Define desalination. 16. What is Sodium zeolite? What is its use? HS1103- Engineering chemistry I PART – B ( 16 Marks) 1. (i) What is the principle of EDTA method? Describe the estimation of Hardness of water by EDTA method. (8) (ii) What is the various methods by which disinfection of domestic water is carried out? Explain. (8) 2. (i) Describe briefly the different steps in the purification of water for drinking Purposes. (8) (ii) What is desalination? Name the different methods of desalination. Explain any one in detail. (8) 3. (i) Discuss briefly about the problems caused due to the usage of hard water in boilers. (8) (ii) What are Zeolites? How do they function in removing the hardness? (8) 4. (i) How is internal treatment of boiler water carried out? (8) (ii) Describe the principle and method involved in the determination of different types and amount of alkalinity of water (8) UNIT – II – SURFACE CHEMISTRY PART – A ( 2 Marks) 1. How does chemisorption differ from physisorption? 2. How will you increase the activity of adsorbent? 3. Define adsorption? What is an adsorption isotherm? 4. What is Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm? 5. What are promoters? 6. What is catalytic poisoning? 7. What is the effect of temperature and pressure on the adsorption of hydrogen gas on charcoal? 8. Define ion-exchange adsorption 9. What is langmuir adsorption isotherm? How it is mathematically represented? Kings college of Engineering HS1103- Engineering chemistry I 10. What is the demerit of langmuir adsorption isotherm? PART – B ( 16 Marks) 1. (i) Distinguish between physical adsorption and chemisorption. [6] (ii)Derive an expression for Langmuir unimolecular adsorption isotherm. What are its limitations? [10] 2 (i) Explain adsorption theory (or) contact theory with examples. [6] (ii) Explain the classification functions of ion-exchangers.[10] 3 (i) Define the term adsorption and list its application [4] (ii) Explain the role of adsorption in demineralization of water.[8] (iii) Give any three factors on which adsorption depends [4] 4 (i) Derive Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm. Give the conditions in which It fails. [6] (ii) Explain the role of adsorption in catalytic reactions [10] 5 (i) Discuss the factors which influence adsorption of gas on a solid. [8] (ii) Define adsorption isotherm. Explain the various types of adsorption Isotherm. [8] 6 (i) Explain the role of adsorbents in pollution abatement. [12] (ii) Define the terms adsorbent and adsorbate giving suitable examples.[4] UNIT – III – ELECTROCHEMISTRY PART – A ( 2 Marks) 1. What is a cell? Mention its types. 2. Define the terms (i) single electrode potential (ii) Electrochemical cells. 3. Define Helmholtz electrical double layer. 4. Write Nernst equation. 5. Define a reference electrode. Give one example. 6. What is electromotive series? What is its significance? Kings college of Engineering HS1103- Engineering chemistry I 7. What is electrode concentration cell? Give one example. 8. Find the potential of the cell in which the following reactions takes place at 250 C. Zn (s) + Cu2+ (0.02M) → Cu(s) + Zn2+ (0.4M) 9. What is electro chemical cell? 10. Why can glass electrode not be used for a solution of high alkalinity? 11. What are reversible irreversible cells? 12. What are the advantages of conductometric titrations? PART B [ 16 marks] 1. (i) Derive Nernst equation. Give its significances. (8) (ii) What are reference electrodes? Describe any two reference electrodes with neat diagram and mention their uses. (8) 2. (i) Describe a glass electrode. How can it be used for determining the pH Of a solution? (8) (ii) How is Emf of a galvanic cell measured by poggendroff’s compensation method? (5) (iii) Consider the cell reaction, Zn(s) +Fe2+ (0.005 M) Zn2+ (0.01 M) + Fe(s) Given that the standard emf of the cell at 298 K is 0.323 V. Construct the cell and Calculate the emf of the cell. (3) 3. (i) What are Reference Electrode? Explain the types with neat diagrams and mention their uses (8) ii) Describe the construction and working of calomel electrode hydrogen electrode (4+4) 4. (i) What is the principle underlying conductometric titration? Explain acid-base titrations with neat graph. (8) Kings college of Engineering HS1103- Engineering chemistry I (ii)Describe a quinhydroneelectrode how it can be used for the determination of pH of the solution? (8) 5. (i) What is the principle underlying Potentiometric titration? Explain Redox titrations with neat graph. (8) (ii)What is electrochemical series .Give its applications (8) UNIT – IV – ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY STORING DEVICES: PART – A ( 2 Marks) 1. Define nuclear fission. 2. What is nuclear chain reaction/ 3. What is a nuclear reactor? 4. Mention any two differences of a nuclear reaction and a chemical reaction? 5. What is breeder reactor? 6. What is solar cell? 7. What are the applications of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell? 8. What is wind energy? How is it obtained? 9. What is fissile and fertile nucleides? 10. What is super critical mass and sub critical mass? 11. What is nuclear energy? 12. What is a battery? How does it differ from a cell? 13. What are the advantages of alkaline battery over dry cell? 14. How is NICAD battery constructed? PART – B ( 16 Marks) 1. (i) What is a nuclear reactor? Describe the components of a light water nuclear power Plant with a suitable block diagram. (10) (ii) Explain the mechanism and characteristics of a nuclear fission reaction with suitable Example. (6) Kings college of Engineering HS1103- Engineering chemistry I 2. i)What is reversible battery? Describe the construction and working of lead acid storage battery with reacting occurring during charging and discharging. (8) (ii) How is NICAD battery constructed? Explain with cell reactions. Give its uses. (8) 3 i) Write a brief note on Lithium battery. (8) ii) What are Fuel cells? Explain the construction and working of H2-O2 fuel cell.(8) 4. i) Define Photo galvanic cell. Explain its working with diagram. Give its applications. (10) ii) Write note on wind energy. (6) UNIT – V – ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND CHEMOMETRICS: PART – A ( 2 Marks) 1. State Beer –Lambert’s law. Give its limitations. 2. Name the components of colorimeter. 3. What is flame photometry? 4. How are alkali and alkaline –earth metals detected in flame photometry? Give examples. 5. What are the sources of UV light in UV-Visible spectrophotometer? 6. Define the term Bathochromic shift. 7. What is finger print region? Mention its important uses. 8. Write any two disadvantages of AAS. 9. Compare atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame emission spectroscopy 10. How are IR spectral range subdivided? 11. What are the limitations of flame photometry? PART – B ( 16 Marks) 1. (i) Derive Beer-Lambert’s law. Give its limitations. (8) (ii)What is Colorimetry? With a block diagram explain how it is used to estimate iron (8) 2. (i) Explain briefly the principle and instrumentation of flame photometry. How do you estimate sodium using flame photometry? Kings college of Engineering (8) HS1103- Engineering chemistry I (ii)Explain the various components and working of UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. (8) 3. (i)What is IR spectroscopy?. Explain the various components and working of IR spectrophotometer. ii) (8) With neat energy level diagram explain various transitions involved in UV Spectra. (8) 4.(i) Explain how different fundamental modes for different types of compounds Are estimated in IR spectra. (8) (ii) Discuss the principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Give the block diagram of AAS.(8) Kings college of Engineering