Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned - 784 Words

We live in a politically correct world, in which the media has a huge impact upon. However, in recent times, there has been an increase in attention to a certain subject, violent video games. Concerned parents influenced by the media have been trying for years to get all violent video games banned from the United States market. However, many scientists have proven that there is no correlation of violent games to violence, the media exaggerates isolated events and puts the blame for these events on violent games, and violent video games can actually have a positive effect on people of all ages. The media often suggests that violent video games have a consistent pattern with being involved in violent acts, such as school shootings, robberies, or stabbings. However many scientists disbelieve these accusations. However, many scientists and different associations disagree with these claims, and have backed their counterclaims with studies and research. The Entertainment Software Associati on (ESA) has stated that â€Å"Violent juvenile crime in the United States has been declining as violent video game popularity has increased. The arrest rate for juvenile murders has fallen 71.9% between 1995 and 2008. The arrest rate for all juvenile violent crimes has declined 49.3%. In this same period, violent video game sales have more than quadrupled.† This shows an exact opposite trend to what the media has claimed to be occurring in recent years. Also, former FBI profiler, Mary Ellen O’TooleShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games Should Be Banned Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesof violent video game become more and more advanced. The effects of media violence on video games has been increasing in people’s daily life. It is still be an issue and have a lot of debate on whether or not violent video games should be banned. In this essay, violent video games can be defined by RWJF Blog Team as those video game which represent violence as the best or only way to resolve conflict.( Pioneering ideas 2010). This essay will discussed by two reasons for violent video gameRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Not Be Banned821 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction From my opinion video games violent video games should not be banned. Today I will convince you why violent video games should not be banned. I will cover three points about risk factors, nature of the game and the studies claiming they have no link these all have things in common and they obviously will make you change your mind. First point Many Risk Factors are Associated with Youth Violence, but Video Games Have Nothing to do with it One of the main Surgeon generals has madeRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Not Be Banned1170 Words   |  5 Pages2014 Violent Video Games Should Not be Banned Violent acts committed by children seem to occur on a monthly basis. What is to blame for this trend? Many people try to find, what they would believe to be, a likely source for the violence once. Some people turn to violent video games as the reason why violent acts occur amongst children. Some would even argue, that violent video games in general should be banned. Violent video games should not be banned because they do not cause violent behaviorsRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Be Banned1089 Words   |  5 Pages1. Topic and Stance: The topic that I’m researching and debating about is the concern of whether violent video games should be banned or not, and the stance that I’m taking is that they should be banned. 2. Background Information: There have been many concerns about violent video games and whether or not it’s the source of people’s violent behavior and the recent mass shootings. There have been many instances within the past decade where there have been mass shootings, such as the Aurora movie theaterRead MoreBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pages Banning Violent Video Games A child is killing police officers. A teenager is hiring prostitutes to potentially kill them. He is using weapons such as guns, chainsaws, and knives to kill and commit horrible crimes. Thousands of children and teens participate in these actions daily. How? Violent Video games such as Doom, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto are just a few of the games that are full of these awful actions. The Harvard Mental Health Letter states, â€Å"The Pew Research Center reportedRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games are the Root Cause of Youth Aggression1157 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most popular being video games. Video games have come a long way since they were first introduced to the mainstream audience during the 1960’s and 1970’s and have drawn a large amount attraction among people of all ages and culture. However it wasn’t until the Play-station was released that violence became a concern to parents and politics. The level of violence in video games h ave been in a matter of controversy dating all the way back to the classic games like Pacman and Space InvadersRead MoreShould Violent Media Be Banned Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesShould violent media be banned? Many teenagers are now being introduced into playing or watching violent media at very young ages and society are wondering if they should be concerned about it; they are wondering whether it can cause aggressive behaviour within the children/teenagers. Violent video games and violent action films normally have age restriction son them so that children under the age of 15 or in some cases 18 cannot buy them. You see many teenagers with these games and moviesRead MoreViolent Video Games857 Words   |  4 PagesShould Violent Video Games be Banned? â€Å"Learning is a deep human need, like mating and eating, and like all such needs it is meant to be deeply pleasurable to human beings.† ― James Paul Gee, Why Video Games Are Good for Your Soul: Pleasure and Learning. Some people have controversial argument that violent video games should be banned, claiming about the content of video games can change the behavior and attitudes of the players. Since the early 2000s, advocates of video games have emphasized theirRead MoreResearch Paper on Video Game Violence1483 Words   |  6 PagesKendal Hill Mrs. Van Fleet Block 3 10 December 2011 Video games and Violent Behavior True or False: Violent videogames cause children to become more aggressive. Sorry, that was a trick question. Despite much bandying of statistics and loud talking by critics on both sides of the argument, the real answer is that there is no real answer—at least not one that’s been proved scientifically (Zipp). Video games are an appealing target for a public figure in search of a crusade. Movies and musicRead MoreViolence Satire Essay541 Words   |  3 Pagespeople being violent, but when we are asked if we are violent or if we have ever responded with violence, everyone says they are not violent. But if among ourselves we are not violent then who is it that makes our society a violent society? Television plays a big role on violence. Most of us watch television daily. And what do we see daily on television? The news, about our world surrounded by violence? Movies, that only show shootings, death, and more violence? Even cartoons are violent, like the

The Issue Of Judicial Review - 956 Words

Judicial review provides the courts with the authority to review and change laws that the government proposes that violates the Constitution. In this paper, I will discuss the issue of judicial review. More precisely, I will be focusing my argument on Jeremy Waldron’s objection to radical disagreement, which states that we cannot agree upon what our rights are, therefore we do not know which ones should be put in the charter. I will argue that Jeremy Waldron’s argument is a good objection to judicial review, because if we cannot agree upon what moral rights are, how are we going to be able to apply them to the charter. I will begin by outlining the key points in Waldron’s argument. I will then continue to outline why Waldron’s objections are strong. Finally, I will argue that radical disagreement is a strong objection to judicial review. In his book Law and Disagreement, Jeremy Waldron concentrates on the issue of â€Å"theme [of] reasonable disagreement, [and the inability that he] cannot restrain [himself] from saying that anyone who thinks a narrative like this [a charter of rights as rational pre-commitment] is appropriately modeled by the story of Ulysses and the sirens is an idiot† (Waldron 2004). In the story of Ulysses and the sirens Ulysses’ decides to be tied down to the mast of his ship, so he would not succumb to the temptations of the siren. Ulysses knows in advance that it is a good idea to restrict himself now, so he won’t face the consequences later. Just asShow MoreRelatedJudicial Review: The American Concept of Democracy671 Words   |  3 PagesRunning Head: FOR CONSISTENCY AND STABILITY Judicial Review Judicial review should remain the sole prerogative of the courts, which only a constitutional amendment can nullify or alter. Furthermore, the courts should always be guided in its exercise by judicial restraint. The American concept of democracy provides that no branch of government shall be more powerful and uncontrolled than the other branches (Lutzenberger, 2012). Judicial review is the power of the courts to oversee and preventRead MoreJudicial Review : The Supreme Court1744 Words   |  7 PagesJudicial Review is the power given to the justices of the Supreme Court in which judges have the power to decide and interpret whether a law is unconstitutional or not. Chief Justice John Marshall initiated the Supreme Court’s right to translate or interpret the constitutional law in 1803 following the case of Marbury v. Madison, which declared the Supreme Courts as the main interpreters of the constitutional law. Marbury v. Madison became one of the most significant Supreme Court decisions in URead MoreEssay on Judicial Review980 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial review was enacted as a checks and balance step when concerning the government and the interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review gives the court the power to review and change laws and government acts that violate the Constitution (Huq, n.d.). Allowing the court system this power helps prevent government officials from using the Constitution to illegally use their position in making laws and regulations in the United States. The judicial review was first used in an unusualRead MoreThe Supreme Court Is The Highest Of All Courts969 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernments are acting within the law. The judicial branches authority is stated in United States Constitution Article III, which outlines the Supreme Courts appellate and original jurisdiction and congressional limitations for those accused of treason (Ushistory.org, 2015, p. 9a) However, judicial review to interpret the Constitution and strike down the actions of the legislative and executive branches is not noted in the Constitution. Instead, judicial review came about in the case of Marbury v. MadisonRead MoreEssay on The Court Case of Mar bury v. Madison and Judicial Review864 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved to be the creator of the â€Å"unprecedented† concept of Judicial Review. John Marshall, the Supreme Court Justice at the time, is lionized as a pioneer of Constitutional justice, but, in the past, was never really recognized as so. What needs to be clarified is that nothing in history is truly unprecedented, and Marbury v. Madison’s modern glorification is merely a product of years of disagreements on the validity of judicial review, fueled by court cases like Eakin v. Raub; John Marshall wasRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison854 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument in America is the Constitution. More importantly, among the three branches, the judicial branch has one of the most important jobs in the government: to check and review the laws established by the executive branch and legislative branch. Moreover, the judicial branch’s job is to interpret and apply the law in the government, but it is also the only branch with the power of Judicial Review, which the judicial branch decide whether a law or action is consistent with fundamental laws such as theRead MoreJudicial Review Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the 1800 election where Thomas Jefferson won, President John Adams proceed to fill the judicial branch with members of his own party, the Federalists. In response, Jeffersons party of the Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1800. This act created new position on the bench for Federalist judges. The Supreme Court was threatened with impeachment if they overturned the repeal (Marbury v. Madison,1803). President Adams attempted to fill these new vacancies prior to the end of his termRead MoreJudicial Review : The Constitution1168 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Review is the power of courts to determine whether or not actions by the government are valid. The courts adjudicate the constitutionality of the governmental actions under review to ensure their validity. Under judicial review, the government actions under consideration for validity are presidential orders and actions, as well as legislation by Congress. In other words, judicial review is a check on the executive and legislative branches of the government. Judicial review checks these governmentalRead MoreFairness And Legality Of The Supreme Value Of Liberty1399 Words   |  6 PagesMany democratic countries have the process of strong judicial review, which allows courts to override decisions made by a democratic government on the ground of unconstitutionality. This judicial-review process raises controversial debates abou t the legitimacy and appropriateness of the courts’ power. The aim of this dissertation is to approach this debate from the viewpoint of republicanism, which holds Neo-Roman liberty, understood as non-domination, as its paramount value. From this point of viewRead More Influences on Judicial Power Essay1472 Words   |  6 PagesInfluences on Judicial Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under Article III of the Constitution the judicial branch was established, but rather implicit in proportion to the other two branches of government. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of judicial power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the federal government in regards to political immunity of judges through life tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power

Thinking Skills and Problem Solving free essay sample

If we can make timely and well-considered decisions, then we can often lead ourselves or our team to success (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). A good decision is not only influenced by the experience, efficiency and skills of the decision maker but also the adequacy and validity of the information obtained that are related to the decisions required (Abu Mansor et. al. , 1999). Decision making is the process of choosing what to do by considering the possible consequences of different choices (Von Winterfeldt Edwards, 1986; Beyth-Marom et al. 1991 as cited in Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). Although decision making seems simple, however, to ensure that the decision made is the best, it must be rational. This means the decision has to be based on facts, opinions and reasonable reasons. Systematic evaluations have to be conducted in the overall process of decision making. As such making a rational decision can be defined as a systematic process of defining problem s, evaluating decision alternatives and selecting the best alternative decisions availableand implement them. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Skills and Problem Solving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Generally, decisions that are made based on facts and opinions are the best decisions (Williams, 2000). This is one of the important duties of a manager. For this paper, I will discuss the decision of my choice involved in choosing the best career that has been offered to me that is whether to choose Job A, Job B or Job C. The three jobs are analysed in terms of the SWOT analysis. The process of choosing the best job opportunity is also discussed based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to support my decision. 2. The SWOT Analysis 2. 1 Definition of SWOT SWOT stands for STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES and THREATS. This is a technique often used in a business context to allow anorganisation to identify its niche in a market. It can also be used on a personal basis to understand how best to take advantage of your abilities and gifts to become successful. SWOT analysis enables you to uncover opportunities that you may have been unaware of and helps you to prepare 3 yourself in f acing any threats or dangers that may lie ahead. SWOT analysis can be used in many different contexts but is most effective when used as a tool in a situation where there is competition from others (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira,2008). A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Internal environmental factors can be classified as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis provides information that is helpful in matchingone’s own resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it you are exposed to. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. The following Figure 2. 1 shows how a SWOT analysis fits into an environmental scan: Environmental Scan / \ Internal Analysis External Analysis /\ /\ Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats | SWOT Matrix Figure 2. 1 SWOT Analysis Framework Source :http://www. quicjmba. om/strategy/swot [2012, October 12] Strengths One own strengths refers to the resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage. Examples of such strengths include: ? ? ? ? ? ? high salary overtime payment adequate annual leave nature of the job that benefits you and also matches the knowledge qualifications that you have and also other benefits which are favourable stable job 4 Weaknesses The absence of certain strengths may be viewed a s a weakness. For example, each of the following may be considered weaknesses ? ? ? ? ? lack of medical benefit nature of the job does not really match your qualifications no allowance given lack of career advancement distance from home is very far lack of job stability In some cases, a weakness may be the flip side of a strength. Take the case in which no allowance given but then overtime can be claimed. This can actually be more beneficial as in certain cases due to the urgency of the time that the job have to be completed, more overtime is required from the employees so that the task can be completed within the time frame. Opportunities The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunities for profit and growth. Some examples of such opportunities include: ? ? ? ? an interesting job other people might not dare to take a challenging job stability of the job where the nature of the job requires a lot of travelling Threats Changes in the external environmental also may present threats to you. Some examples of such threats include: ? ? ? ? less knowledge regarding the job the distance too far from residence instability of the job no other benefits for the employee 2. 2 The Job Analysis Based on SWOT The decision making involves two steps that is first step by using the SWOT analysis for each Job A, B and C and the second step by making a rational behind the decision making that involves the analysis by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which best suits my needs. Based on the SWOT analysis and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, below is the detail analysis for Job A, Job B and Job C. Th e strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats for each job are also being discussed. Table 2. Job A Strengths Internal high salary 26 days leave Allowance included Medical benefit included Medium career advancement Threats Distance very far – 35 km Weaknesses No overtime given Not stable Slightly interesting Opportunities External Very related to qualification As shown in Table 2. 1, Job A offers a high salary, adequate annual leave of 26 days, the allowance and medical leave are also included and there is a medium chance for career advancement. The weaknesses for Job Ais that there is no overtime given, not stable and slightly interesting. The opportunity is that the job is veryrelated to the qualification. This will help the person to put into practice the knowledge and experience that has been acquired. The only threat for Job A is that the distance is very far from the residence. As such causing problem to commute to and fro work and in the long run this might not be economical as the running expenses for the transport will be very costly. 6 For the young people who have just graduated from their tertiary education, this kind of job offer is suitable as based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Job A offers great satisfaction where physiologicaland safetyneeds are concerned. In terms of money and other benefits this job offers the most and can be an excellent choice. Table 2. 2 Job B Strengths Internal medium salary 30 days leave Overtime given Job very stable Nature of job is very interesting Threats Slightly related to qualification Weaknesses No allowance given No medical Low career advancement Opportunities External Distance very near – 10 km In Table 2. 2, Job B offers a medium salary, a very satisfactory annual leave of 30 days and the overtimeis also included. The nature of the job is very interesting and very stable. The weakness for Job B is that there is no allowance and medical benefit given. The career advancement is also low. The opportunity is that the distance is near to the residence. Even though allowance is not given, the distance from the residence is very near and in the long run, savings in terms of the transport running expenses are made. The only threat for Job B is that the qualification is slightly related but due to the nature of the job which is very interesting, this will not be a problem for the person who is more mature and has undergone a few jobs. Job B offers great satisfaction for those who have been working for more than ten years since according to Maslow’s Hierarchy, their physiological and safety needs have been achieved and the two next levelsof social and esteem needs can be met if Job B is chosen. 7 Table 2. 3 Job C Strengths Internal Allowance included Medical benefit included High career advancement Weaknesses Low Salary No overtime Annual leave 24 days Nature of Job not interesting Opportunities External Slightly related to qualification Quite stable Threats Distance far – 25 km From Table 2. , the strength of Job Cis that it offers a high career advancement and besides that allowance and medical benefit are given. The weaknesses are that the salary is low, there is no overtime. The annual leave is lesser than Job A and Job B and the nature of the job is not interesting. The opportunity is that the job is slightly related to the qualification and is quite stable. This will enable the person to practic e some of the knowledge that has been acquired. The only threat for Job B is that the distance of 25 kilometer is far from the residence. For those who needed some stability in the job the offer for Job C is acceptable especially when based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the two basic needs of physiological and safety can be met. As such for those who prefers not to go from job to job, Job C can be a good choice too. Decision Making Motivation Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In making decision making, motivation is always involved. Personally, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs seem to suit this job decision making case. According to Lewis et. al. (2001), Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model is the most famous model for motivation. According to the hierarchy of needs, an individual has five basic needs that is physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. Figure 2. 1 shows the five needs according to hierarchy and divided into upper level and lower level. Physiological and safety needs are lower-level needs that can be 8 2. 3 fulfilled externally while social needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs are upper-level needs that can be fulfilled internally. Refer to Table 2. 2 for a description of each of these needs. Figure 2. 2: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Source: Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern management (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Table 2. 4: Description on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern management (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall) Needs Physiological Needs Hierarchy This need exists at the lowest level of the hierarchy. Examples of this need are the need for food, water, air and sleep. Organisations can help individuals to fulfil this need by preparing sufficient income to obtain food, shelter and a comfortable working environment. People will focus on fulfilling these needs before fulfilling the needs in the following level. Safety Needs This need is related closely to acquiring a safe physical and emotional environment. Examples of this need are employment network, health insurance and retirement plans used to fulfil the safety needs of employees. Social Needs After physiological and safety needs been fulfilled, social needs will become the main source of motivation to people. This need includes desire towards frie ndship, love and the feeling of belonging. An example of social need is when an employee establishes friendship in the workplace and feels a part of the organisation. Esteem Needs The needs at this level include the needs for status and recognition. This need can be fulfilled through success. Esteem needs are fulfilled when one is given recognition and respect by other people. For example, organisations can help in fulfilling this need through promotion or providing a spacious work station to the employee. People in need of recognition want themselves to be accepted based on their abilities and want to be known as being capable and efficient. Self-actualisation Needs This need is at the highest level of the hierarchy. This need means that eople value high achievement based on their self-potential by using capability and interest to the maximum level in order to perform work in the environment. As an example, a challenging task can assist in satisfying a person towards the achievement of selfactualisation needs. According to Maslow, when a particular need has been fulfilled it will no longer motivate the behaviour of employees. For example, when an employee has gained confirmation in his work place, then a new retirement plan may become less important to him compared to the opportunity of having new friends and joining the informal group in the organisation. It is the same when the lower-level needs are not fulfilled, most people will pay attention to those particular needs. For example, an employee who is trying to fulfil the need for self-recognition by holding an important position in a particular department suddenly finds out that the department and position he is going to hold may be eliminated, hence the employee may find 10 that the chances of not being terminated in other organisations give more motivation to him compared to the offer of promotion in the previous organisation. Maslow’s model identified that individuals have different needs which can be motivated by different matters or activities. Unfortunately, this model can only provide basic guidelines to managers. Many following studies conducted found that hierarchy level differs between individuals in different culturalenvironments. The Rational of Preferred Job Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 3. 0 When faced with a problem, an effective solution to the problem can be developed by exploring the problem, establish a realistic and attainable goals, generate ideas, select ideas, implement the action plan and finally evaluate and follow up. These steps can each be broken down into smaller steps to better enable you tocarry out the problem solving process (Haresh Kumar Kantilal Anton Espira, 2008). We need to generate ideas to look for possiblesolutions. After doing a rational decision and gathering all the information needed by taking into account the facts, opinions and reasonable reasonsto compare the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats by using the SWOT analysis and guided by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs regarding the three jobs offered to me, the best offer that I am going to accept is Job B. After having working for the ten years, I have already acquired the physiological, safety and social needs. My motivation now based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is for the next level that is the esteem needs. Even though Job B gives medium salary, it offers good annual leave, it also gives me my need and especially with the overtime given this will definitely support my studies to further enhance my skills and qualification.. This destination for this job is also closer to home as such giving me the extra benefit of saving on my transportation, especially with the high petrol price and maintenance I am able to cut down on such high costs. I am also looking for the nature of job which is more interesting and this will directly makes the job more satisfying. With the added benefit in Job B which is stability, I do not have to worry about getting another job. From my analysis, I am sure Job B will be less stressful which is helpful for me to obtain good and excellent health and beauty. Since it is slightly related to my qualification, knowledge can be easily acquired. 11 4. 0 CONCLUSION The job analysis for Job A, Job B and Job C has been done by using the SWOT Analysis. Decision was made to choose Job B based on needs analysis specified in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I will definitely accept the offer for Job B as I believe it will give a boost to my self esteem needs that is the interesting nature of job with a satisfying annual leave of thirty (30) days, stability of the job also help to enhance my self esteem. ( 2664 words) 12

Expert Notes Gene Correction for Methods & Protocols â€Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Gene Correction for Methods and Protocols. Answer: Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a decently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs of length around 22-25 nucleotides, which participate in gene regulation at a post-transcriptional level. Lin-4 in C. elegans was the first miRNA identified, which plays significant role in the temporal control of post-embryonic development in the organism (He et al. 2005). Studies have revealed that apart from temporal control of developmental stages, miRNAs have widespread functions in various aspects of development and physiology. They usually bind to 3 Untranslated Region in mRNAs that are found to be hugely conserved over a wide range of protein-coding genes. The target recognition of miRNAs span a region of 2-7 of the nucleotide sequence, located at the 5 end (Griffiths-Jones et al. 2006). Its crucial functions demand the biogenesis of the RNAs to be strictly regulated at several levels and any dysfunction of its regulation is often associated with cancers and various neurodegenerative disorders. MiRNA genes are widespread and abundant in the genomes of various organisms and as many as 2,588 miRNA genes are found in human. Precursor miRNAs are produced by RNA polymerase II which are then processed by RNase III enzymes DORSHA and DICER in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell respectively. Various non-canonical pathways are being discovered for miRNA biogenesis. The significant role played by the miRNA in maintain the normal physiology and development of an organism has enabled scientists to use it as a diagnostic as prognostic biomarker for various cancers, heart diseases and neurological disorders. It has been widely established that miRNA act as inhibitors of protein synthesis either by translational repression or by mRNA degradation. In addition to mRNA silencing Eiring et al. in 2010 found that miRNAs can interfere with functions of regulatory proteins to affect gene transcription. Further Lytle et al. (2007) elucidated that miRNA can bind to sites on the target miRNA other th an 3 UTR such as 5 UTR binding sites. It has been stated that miRNA can also act as translation activator at certain extreme condition in the cell (Vasudevan, Tong and Steitz 2007). Deregulation in miRNA biogenesis and consequently in the levels of miRNA are related to the incidence of various diseases that include cancers, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. The role of miRNA was discovered in concern to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The regions where miR-15 and miR-16 genes are located were found to be deleted in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, indicating its potential role as a tumour suppressor (Calin et al. 2002). Other studies over the years have established that miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors in pathways that have been related to cancer prognosis. Deregulation of miRNAs can be caused by several mechanisms that influence the transcription factors controlling the biogenesis of miRNAs in a target specific manner. The mechanisms may include mutation, deletion or amplification of miRNA genes or dysregulation of transcription factors. Several lines of studies have indicated that miRNA plays a dual role in cancer metastases. It has been found to up regulate cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary other studies show that restored levels of certain miRNA in breast cancer can suppress metasta sis by overall tumour growth and decreased time of relapse. Similarly studies have shown down regulated levels of miRNA in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Autoimmune diseases like the most prevalent and chronic Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous have been associated with dysregulation of various miRNAs. The functions of miRNA in neuronal development are well-established to this date. MiRNA has been used as a biomarker for several motor and neurocognitive diseases like Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons diseases. MiRNA is also related to the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia, autism, Fragile X syndrome, depression and addiction. Hence, the regulatory roles of miRNA in pathogenesis and diagnosis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders have paved the way for therapeutic intervention in miRNA specific manner and extensive researches are being undertaken to explore the use of miRNA as a therapeutic tool. The initial barrier to utilize miRNA as a therapeutic toll is to identify the specific gene coding for miRNAs and its tiny regulators. The conserved nature of its sequences has been exploited for the purpose of gene identification for miRNAs. Sequence conservation between various organisms has led to the miRNA genes have been identified by computational methods. The detection of the miRNA targets in mRNA are another barrier for in vitro experimental purposes, although computational methods have evolved and are still developing to overcome this hurdle in large-scale experiments. The fact that levels of many miRNA are deregulated in different disease has encouraged scientists to explore the therapeutic applications of miRNA. The basic hurdle for such a feat is the delivery of miRNA to targeted regions. It has been found that naked miRNAs are degraded in vivo and hence delivery systems are required to develop therapeutic applications and restore normal levels of the molecule in diseased conditions (van Rooij, Purcell and Levin 2012). In case of neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric disorders the regions affected are primarily various parts of the brain. Currently two strategies, agonistic and antagonistic approaches are employed to modify abnormal levels of miRNA in the body. In agonistic approach the decreased miRNA levels are restored by miRNA mimics and in antagonistic approach overexpressed miRNAs are suppressed by anti-miR. As these naked molecules are prone to enzyme degradation in the body, efficient and stable delivery systems need to be developed. Several strategies have been discovered to overcome this hurdle. Initially chemical modification of miRNA molecules such a replacing the phosphodiester bonds with other functional groups were proposed, however, such modifications led to production of toxic metabolic by-products and reduced miRNA activity (Rupaimoole et al. 2011). In this regard viral vector systems are a relatively older strategy. Many viruses have been studied for this purpose such as recombinant adeno-associated virus, retrovirus and lentivirus. The selection criteria depend on various factors like specific tropoism, efficient transgene expression and effectively crossing the blood-brain-barrier (Wen 2016). The primary drawback of using a viral vector as a delivery system is the immunogenicity of the virus and oncogenic transformation by viruses. Further, production of high-quality and high-quantity viral vectors is another barrier to the pharmaceutical and commercial companies, leading to limited application of vi ral vectors. On the contrary non-viral vectors have certain advantages like lack of immunogenicity, high stability and easy modification. Recent researches have explored various non-viral vector systems for miRNA therapeutic purposes. Some of them include lipid-based carriers, gold nanoparticles, cationic polymer based carriers, carbon based carriers and magnetic nanoparticles. Gaining knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these particles and the need to produce disease specific carrier systems for long term gene expression or knockdown requires a lot of future research in this domain. Further, ethical issues regarding clinical targets is another overwhelming barrier for miRNA therapeutic applications. Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that affects the shape of the bloods cells reducing availability of functional blood cells and consequently the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. The shape of normal red blood cells is somewhat round facilitating easy passage through small blood vessels. It is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting chromosome 11. Normal haemoglobin is classified into groups A, A2 and F. In sickle cell disease an abnormal chain results in the formation of haemoglobin S in which the chain contains valine instead of glutamic acid (Bender and Seibel 2014). The abnormal haemoglobin S polymerizes resulting in deformed red blood cell shape. Retardation of blood flow, mechanical vaso-occlution, and lack of oxygen tension enhances the rate of polymerization of Hb S (Dubay, Krebs and Thresh 2015). Sickle cell disease is an example of point mutation of the - chain gene of haemoglobin. The single amino acid difference (glutamic acid to va line) results in collapse of the red blood cells, making the body to produce more red blood cells to compensate for the loss. This puts an overwhelming burden on several other organs of the body casing various clinical symptoms. Typical symptoms of the disease include pain, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, liver disease, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological disorders. The disease is predominant in African Americans and the population of middle-east. The disease can be prevented by genetic examination of couples prior to conceiving. The treatment of the disease includes primarily pain management and other pharmacological interventions and in extreme cases surgery and organ transplantations. The single point mutation found in sickle cell disease can be corrected by site specific double-strand breaks produced by the CRISPR/Cas 9 system (Chu et al. 2015). To have control over the particular sequence that has undergone a double stranded break i.e. the allele with a point mutation in the chain of haemoglobin, we can use plasmid-based systems that can recognize and but DNA at specific sites. These plasmids can be used to cut the allele in chromosome 11 that has been mutated. A high degree of homology is required to repair the damaged DNA and restore the normal form of the allele so that normal chains of Hb are produced. Three sgRNAs were constructed that can bind to the target site in the DNA. After binding, Cas9/sg RNAs will produce a double stranded break in the DNA which then will be repaired by homology directed repair (HDR) which will result in inserting the correct nucleotide into the allele and restoring the mutation. Linearized plasmids are required for transfection . However, recent studies conclude those single stranded donor oligonucleotides (ssODNs) are more efficient for about 50bp mutations or single point mutations (Alam et al. 2014). The templates for ssODNs can be 100-200 bps in length with a Cas9 break point at the centre of the template. Non-homologous end joining pathways can also be used to repair a double strand break. Studies report than non-homologous end joining pathways are more efficient in inserting plasmid genome into the genome of target (Davis and Chen 2013). The pathway recruits a wide range of proteins that perform synapsis, preparation and ligation of the cut DNAs. Similar to homology directed repair mechanism CRISPR/Cas9 system can be utilized to make cuts at the desired site in the chromosome. After the cuts the broken ends can be recognised by Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer. Recruitment of kinase, ligase and other factors hold the DNA together to form a paired complex which is then ligated to repair the break (Btermier, Bertrand and Lopez 2014). Hence it can be used to insert and exogenous nucleotide by Cas9 mediated break. The plasmids that need to be designed for this purpose will contain no homologous sequence with our target gene. The donor will contain a promoter less ires-eGFP and a single sgRNA target site at 5 end of the ires-eGFP (single-cut). Any possibility of frameshift mutation due to non-homologous end joining repair was avoided by using the ires element. Non homologous end joining can be obtained by single cut vectors that cleave the DNA at a single site on the 5 end or by double cut that cleave the DNA at two different sites and then promote repair simultaneously. In general non homologous end joining repair carries a two-third chance of producing a frame shift mutation mediated by indel error. IF double cut plasmids are used to repair the gene of our interest the efficiency of knock in will have a higher probability to be reduced. Hence, for efficient correction of the mutation found in sickle cell disease single cut plasmids should be used preferably. References Alam, M.R., Thazhathveetil, A.K., Li, H. and Seidman, M.M., 2014. Preparation and Application of Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotides and Single Strand Oligonucleotide Donors for Gene Correction.Gene Correction: Methods and Protocols, pp.103-113. Bender, M.A. and Seibel, G.D., 2014. Sickle cell disease. Btermier, M., Bertrand, P. and Lopez, B.S., 2014. 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